What Should the Government Do To Encourage Technical
... prices—that send different signals, for both the supply and demand of the products and services must be considered in addition to the uncertainties of the R&D process. There is the additional question that if the federal government pays for R&D that allows a private firm to achieve a valuable innova ...
... prices—that send different signals, for both the supply and demand of the products and services must be considered in addition to the uncertainties of the R&D process. There is the additional question that if the federal government pays for R&D that allows a private firm to achieve a valuable innova ...
Even several of the wetter runs yield increasing drought due to the
... an event rivaled during 2000-2003. The average annual Lees Ferry flow was only 10 maf during both events, but the recent drought bears different properties than its predecessor. In particular, abnormally high temperatures have been more prevalent during the 20002003 drought, with the West nearly 1°C ...
... an event rivaled during 2000-2003. The average annual Lees Ferry flow was only 10 maf during both events, but the recent drought bears different properties than its predecessor. In particular, abnormally high temperatures have been more prevalent during the 20002003 drought, with the West nearly 1°C ...
A Focus on Climate During the Past 100 Years
... products based on satellite observations such as sea ice coverage (see also Fig. 2), cloud cover, and the vertical temperature structure. At least as important as for surface data, quality remains a fundamental issue for satellite data. In particular, the overlap between different sensors is often t ...
... products based on satellite observations such as sea ice coverage (see also Fig. 2), cloud cover, and the vertical temperature structure. At least as important as for surface data, quality remains a fundamental issue for satellite data. In particular, the overlap between different sensors is often t ...
Summary for Policymakers
... narrative is supported by a series of overarching highlighted conclusions which, taken together, provide a concise summary. Main sections are introduced with a brief paragraph in italics which outlines the methodological basis of the assessment. The degree of certainty in key findings in this assess ...
... narrative is supported by a series of overarching highlighted conclusions which, taken together, provide a concise summary. Main sections are introduced with a brief paragraph in italics which outlines the methodological basis of the assessment. The degree of certainty in key findings in this assess ...
Background Paper: Addressing Climate Change
... climate are rising and this global warming is caused by human activity creating greenhouse gas emissions (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – www.ippc.ch). The effects of climate change will vary around the earth. The likely effects that will be experienced in the UK include hotter, drier su ...
... climate are rising and this global warming is caused by human activity creating greenhouse gas emissions (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – www.ippc.ch). The effects of climate change will vary around the earth. The likely effects that will be experienced in the UK include hotter, drier su ...
PDF
... decreases in water availability due to climate change. This paper shows how Bayesian networks may be used to facilitate cross-disciplinary participation in elucidating these sensitivities. Bayesian networks provide a graphical framework for mixing quantitative and qualitative information and can be ...
... decreases in water availability due to climate change. This paper shows how Bayesian networks may be used to facilitate cross-disciplinary participation in elucidating these sensitivities. Bayesian networks provide a graphical framework for mixing quantitative and qualitative information and can be ...
Stephen Schneider 1945–2010 A Biographical Memoir by B. D. Santer
... output? What are the strengths and weaknesses of simpler energy-balance climate models and full three dimensional models of the climate system? Steve was one of the first to appreciate and embrace the power of climate modeling. As he later wrote, “It was absolutely exciting to me that I could sit do ...
... output? What are the strengths and weaknesses of simpler energy-balance climate models and full three dimensional models of the climate system? Steve was one of the first to appreciate and embrace the power of climate modeling. As he later wrote, “It was absolutely exciting to me that I could sit do ...
MS Climate 1AC Jiao-Taori Tournament
... re-emit some of the heat radiation given off by the Earth’s surface and warm the lower atmosphere. The most important greenhouse gas is water vapour, followed by carbon dioxide and methane, and without their warming presence in the atmosphere the Earth’s average surface temperature would be approxim ...
... re-emit some of the heat radiation given off by the Earth’s surface and warm the lower atmosphere. The most important greenhouse gas is water vapour, followed by carbon dioxide and methane, and without their warming presence in the atmosphere the Earth’s average surface temperature would be approxim ...
GEOL 1080 - Research at UVU
... 3) The gasses in the atmosphere that do this are CO2, H2O, CH4; these are called the greenhouse gasses. 4) Without these gasses and this effect, Earth surface would average about –20oC instead of 13oC. Venus’ surface temperature is about 470oC due to large amounts of CO2 in its atmosphere. 5) Climat ...
... 3) The gasses in the atmosphere that do this are CO2, H2O, CH4; these are called the greenhouse gasses. 4) Without these gasses and this effect, Earth surface would average about –20oC instead of 13oC. Venus’ surface temperature is about 470oC due to large amounts of CO2 in its atmosphere. 5) Climat ...
Jane Hupe – ICAO`s Work on Aviation Emissions
... (a measure of change in climate) by all human activities and this percentage, which excludes the effects of possible changes in cirrus clouds, was projected to grow. ...
... (a measure of change in climate) by all human activities and this percentage, which excludes the effects of possible changes in cirrus clouds, was projected to grow. ...
tubiana
... peak by 2010 an then to decline by an average of 6 %- 10% per year Stabilisation at 550ppm means that global emissions have to peak in 2020 and then decline by 1-2,5 % TEN YEARS DELAY IN ACTION DOUBLE THE NECESSARY DECLINE RATE AFTER ...
... peak by 2010 an then to decline by an average of 6 %- 10% per year Stabilisation at 550ppm means that global emissions have to peak in 2020 and then decline by 1-2,5 % TEN YEARS DELAY IN ACTION DOUBLE THE NECESSARY DECLINE RATE AFTER ...
Extreme event: Heat waves and hot days
... High sea-level events can threaten human physical safety and health, damage settlements and infrastructure in low-lying coastal areas, and erode sandy beaches. Communities in the Torres Straits Islands have experienced several major flooding events in the last decade, affecting roads, residential bu ...
... High sea-level events can threaten human physical safety and health, damage settlements and infrastructure in low-lying coastal areas, and erode sandy beaches. Communities in the Torres Straits Islands have experienced several major flooding events in the last decade, affecting roads, residential bu ...
Human drivers of national greenhouse-gas emissions
... the range of human actions that cause climate change and the factors that shape those actions. There are two major streams of research on anthropogenic drivers of climate change. One highly developed stream has focused primarily on land-use change and its impact on ecosystems. It is motivated not on ...
... the range of human actions that cause climate change and the factors that shape those actions. There are two major streams of research on anthropogenic drivers of climate change. One highly developed stream has focused primarily on land-use change and its impact on ecosystems. It is motivated not on ...
Greenhouse Gas Measurements with Fourier Transform Infrared
... oceans. These changes have both positive and negative effects on people, society, and the environment— including plants and animals. Because many of the major greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for tens to hundreds of years after being released, their warming effects on the climate persist over ...
... oceans. These changes have both positive and negative effects on people, society, and the environment— including plants and animals. Because many of the major greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere for tens to hundreds of years after being released, their warming effects on the climate persist over ...
Carbon Sequestration via Wood Burial
... The most important linkage between climate and ecosystem health is soil moisture. The soil moisture computed from the median of the models has similar spatial structure to that of the change in dry season precipitation (Fig. 1d). This happens despite the fact that wet season precipitation change is ...
... The most important linkage between climate and ecosystem health is soil moisture. The soil moisture computed from the median of the models has similar spatial structure to that of the change in dry season precipitation (Fig. 1d). This happens despite the fact that wet season precipitation change is ...
07_IDSD CC Adapt Activities
... – In some countries, National committees have been established to address climate change. • Establishment of a sea level and climate monitoring system that contributes to regional and global assessment of the issues • Improved access and availability of data • Increased appreciation of climate chang ...
... – In some countries, National committees have been established to address climate change. • Establishment of a sea level and climate monitoring system that contributes to regional and global assessment of the issues • Improved access and availability of data • Increased appreciation of climate chang ...
Modes of the wintertime Arctic temperature variability Report No. 343
... The northern high latitudes are characterized by high natural variability most pronounced during winter. It has been shown that a substantial part of the wintertime SAT variability in the northern hemisphere extratropics, including interdecadal fluctuations, is related to atmospheric circulation reg ...
... The northern high latitudes are characterized by high natural variability most pronounced during winter. It has been shown that a substantial part of the wintertime SAT variability in the northern hemisphere extratropics, including interdecadal fluctuations, is related to atmospheric circulation reg ...
Climate Change and the Caribbean - Organization of American States
... – In some countries, National committees have been established to address climate change. • Establishment of a sea level and climate monitoring system that contributes to regional and global assessment of the issues • Improved access and availability of data • Increased appreciation of climate chang ...
... – In some countries, National committees have been established to address climate change. • Establishment of a sea level and climate monitoring system that contributes to regional and global assessment of the issues • Improved access and availability of data • Increased appreciation of climate chang ...
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... According to the latest IPCC report (2007) there is unequivocal evidence of the warming of the climate system, which is expected to affect both ecosystems and socio-economic systems to varying degrees. Changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are deemed responsible for the ob ...
... According to the latest IPCC report (2007) there is unequivocal evidence of the warming of the climate system, which is expected to affect both ecosystems and socio-economic systems to varying degrees. Changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are deemed responsible for the ob ...
Projecting 21st Century Coastal Vulnerability for Southern California
... -No significant changes in wave height -Extreme events approach from ~10-15 degrees further south ...
... -No significant changes in wave height -Extreme events approach from ~10-15 degrees further south ...
Climate changes of the twentieth through twenty-first
... http://www.giss.nasa.gov/data/simodel/solar.irradiance/). The reconstruction data includes an 11-year activity cycle and a longer-term component based on sunspot variations. The effect of stratospheric aerosols due to volcanic activity was introduced by reducing the solar irradiance at the model’s t ...
... http://www.giss.nasa.gov/data/simodel/solar.irradiance/). The reconstruction data includes an 11-year activity cycle and a longer-term component based on sunspot variations. The effect of stratospheric aerosols due to volcanic activity was introduced by reducing the solar irradiance at the model’s t ...
Applying the Precautionary Principle to Global Warming
... increasingly uncertain outputs of the previous model.14 First, future emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have to be estimated using uncertain projections of future population, economic conditions, energy usage, land use, and land cover. These emissions are themselves sensitive to climatic conditio ...
... increasingly uncertain outputs of the previous model.14 First, future emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have to be estimated using uncertain projections of future population, economic conditions, energy usage, land use, and land cover. These emissions are themselves sensitive to climatic conditio ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.