Attachment 2
... Climate scientists’ struggles in communicating with the non-specialist audience are typical of the challenges that arise with any policy question having significant technical content, whether it be nuclear power 37,38, genetically modified crops39 or nanotechnology 40. Over the past 40 years, social ...
... Climate scientists’ struggles in communicating with the non-specialist audience are typical of the challenges that arise with any policy question having significant technical content, whether it be nuclear power 37,38, genetically modified crops39 or nanotechnology 40. Over the past 40 years, social ...
- UNDP-ALM
... components, including the dynamics and composition of the atmosphere, the ocean, the ice and snow cover, the land surface and its features, the many mutual interactions between them, and the large variety of physical, chemical and biological processes taking place in and among these components. ...
... components, including the dynamics and composition of the atmosphere, the ocean, the ice and snow cover, the land surface and its features, the many mutual interactions between them, and the large variety of physical, chemical and biological processes taking place in and among these components. ...
Chapter 3 - UCLA: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
... • Sink from one can be a source for another: e.g., precipitation is a sink of water substance from the atmosphere, but a source term at the surface of the ocean & land surface; vice versa for evaporation Neelin, 2011. Climate Change and Climate Modeling, Cambridge UP ...
... • Sink from one can be a source for another: e.g., precipitation is a sink of water substance from the atmosphere, but a source term at the surface of the ocean & land surface; vice versa for evaporation Neelin, 2011. Climate Change and Climate Modeling, Cambridge UP ...
On the Road to Paris: How Can the EU Avoid Failure at the UN
... to be considerably lower than those of China (as the EU’s emissions continue to decrease while those of China continue to grow) and also lower than those of the US. In addition, the (growing) emissions of India will be at about the same level as those of the EU by that time.7 This moderate-to-low re ...
... to be considerably lower than those of China (as the EU’s emissions continue to decrease while those of China continue to grow) and also lower than those of the US. In addition, the (growing) emissions of India will be at about the same level as those of the EU by that time.7 This moderate-to-low re ...
Limitations of integrated assessment models of climate change
... insurance against catastrophic, low-probability events. Policy decisions should be based on a judgment concerning the maximum tolerable increase in temperature and/or carbon dioxide levels given the state of scientific understanding. The appropriate role for economists would then be to determine the ...
... insurance against catastrophic, low-probability events. Policy decisions should be based on a judgment concerning the maximum tolerable increase in temperature and/or carbon dioxide levels given the state of scientific understanding. The appropriate role for economists would then be to determine the ...
PDF
... volatility of biophysical systems on human welfare. What is new is the need to regulate the impact of human actions on large-scale biophysical systems. In other words, the vector connecting human systems to biophysical systems in Fig. 1 is growing increasingly important. Also highlighted in the figur ...
... volatility of biophysical systems on human welfare. What is new is the need to regulate the impact of human actions on large-scale biophysical systems. In other words, the vector connecting human systems to biophysical systems in Fig. 1 is growing increasingly important. Also highlighted in the figur ...
Introduction to atmospheric aerosols
... High up in the atmosphere is a layer called the stratosphere. Part of the stratosphere is the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet B wavelengths. UVB is known to cause skin cancer; therefore a healthy ozone layer is very important to human health. Many synthetic products once contained chlorine co ...
... High up in the atmosphere is a layer called the stratosphere. Part of the stratosphere is the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet B wavelengths. UVB is known to cause skin cancer; therefore a healthy ozone layer is very important to human health. Many synthetic products once contained chlorine co ...
Appealed to ITU and its Administrations to ensure the absolute
... surface (including ocean surface) from all parts of the globe and from outer space. GOS mainly relays on remote sensing equipment placed on satellites, aircrafts, radiosondes, as well as meteorological radars on the Earth and at sea. The system ensures that critical information is available to every ...
... surface (including ocean surface) from all parts of the globe and from outer space. GOS mainly relays on remote sensing equipment placed on satellites, aircrafts, radiosondes, as well as meteorological radars on the Earth and at sea. The system ensures that critical information is available to every ...
Silencing Science
... During the 2012 election, when fossil fuel interests were spending big, President Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney remained largely silent on the issue of climate change. One week before the election, the New York Times reported24 that both Obama and Romney “agree that the world is warmin ...
... During the 2012 election, when fossil fuel interests were spending big, President Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney remained largely silent on the issue of climate change. One week before the election, the New York Times reported24 that both Obama and Romney “agree that the world is warmin ...
A Case Study of Biofuels and Solar Energy
... The Numerical Models of the Earth System (NMESs) are the most promising tools to develop projections of future climate change. Through the simulation of important physical and dynamical processes, NMESs can represent the complex nonlinear interactions that influence the climate as well as the intera ...
... The Numerical Models of the Earth System (NMESs) are the most promising tools to develop projections of future climate change. Through the simulation of important physical and dynamical processes, NMESs can represent the complex nonlinear interactions that influence the climate as well as the intera ...
Impact of the global warming hiatus on Andean temperature
... A common theme emerging from all these studies is that there appear to be large differences in observed temperature trends between tropics and extratropics and between inland warming and offshore marine cooling; yet up to now, these different results have not been reconciled in an overarching study ...
... A common theme emerging from all these studies is that there appear to be large differences in observed temperature trends between tropics and extratropics and between inland warming and offshore marine cooling; yet up to now, these different results have not been reconciled in an overarching study ...
Assessing the impacts of global warming on meteorological hazards
... 2010), a severe flooding event over the United States (Lackmann, 2013), winter precipitation ...
... 2010), a severe flooding event over the United States (Lackmann, 2013), winter precipitation ...
Impacts of climate change on a grassland catchment
... Dynamic modelling was used to quantify the impact of projected climate change, and potential changes in population and land-use, on phosphorus (P) export from a subcatchment in SW Ireland using the Generalised Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF) model. Overall the results indicated that the increase ...
... Dynamic modelling was used to quantify the impact of projected climate change, and potential changes in population and land-use, on phosphorus (P) export from a subcatchment in SW Ireland using the Generalised Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF) model. Overall the results indicated that the increase ...
Spectral Signatures of Geospace Climate Change Martin G
... atmosphere, thereby resulting in lower temperatures, all else being equal. This “global cooling” of the geospace environment is in contrast to the “global warming” expected in the troposphere and at the Earth’s surface due to increases in CO2. Increasing CO2 concentrations are expected to affect the ...
... atmosphere, thereby resulting in lower temperatures, all else being equal. This “global cooling” of the geospace environment is in contrast to the “global warming” expected in the troposphere and at the Earth’s surface due to increases in CO2. Increasing CO2 concentrations are expected to affect the ...
Lead–lag relationships between global mean temperature and the
... always lags behind q as expected. In contrast, if the model is driven by the periodic non-greenhouse radiative forcing, T leads q for the external forcing time scale ≤4 ×102 yr, while q leads T at longer scales. The latter is an example that lagged correlations do not necessarily represent causal re ...
... always lags behind q as expected. In contrast, if the model is driven by the periodic non-greenhouse radiative forcing, T leads q for the external forcing time scale ≤4 ×102 yr, while q leads T at longer scales. The latter is an example that lagged correlations do not necessarily represent causal re ...
Slide 1
... communities are responding as though they are experiencing rising temperatures. Yellow-bellied marmots, for example, are coming out of hibernation more than a month earlier than they used to. ...
... communities are responding as though they are experiencing rising temperatures. Yellow-bellied marmots, for example, are coming out of hibernation more than a month earlier than they used to. ...
Water and Climate Change
... tropical glaciers will threaten water supplies for urban populations, agriculture and hydroelectricity, especially in the Andean region. By 2080, climate change could increase the number of people facing water scarcity around the world by 1.8 billion.33 ...
... tropical glaciers will threaten water supplies for urban populations, agriculture and hydroelectricity, especially in the Andean region. By 2080, climate change could increase the number of people facing water scarcity around the world by 1.8 billion.33 ...
IFAD - unfccc
... – Switching to no-tillage or low-tillage techniques to preserve carbon stored in soil; – Reducing methane’s emissions from rice production through better tillage practices, water management and crop rotation; – Using more efficiently nitrogen fertilizer to reduce nitrous oxide; – Improving land ...
... – Switching to no-tillage or low-tillage techniques to preserve carbon stored in soil; – Reducing methane’s emissions from rice production through better tillage practices, water management and crop rotation; – Using more efficiently nitrogen fertilizer to reduce nitrous oxide; – Improving land ...
Communication and Marketing As Climate Change–Intervention
... the living and life-giving organism of our planet, or we will face the threat that our evolutionary journey may be set back thousands or even millions of years. That is why we must see this issue as a challenge to behave responsibly and not as a harbinger of the end of the world. – Vaclav Havel form ...
... the living and life-giving organism of our planet, or we will face the threat that our evolutionary journey may be set back thousands or even millions of years. That is why we must see this issue as a challenge to behave responsibly and not as a harbinger of the end of the world. – Vaclav Havel form ...
Full Report
... ■ Several simple, plausible schemes for allocating tradable emission permits can have paradoxical effects, and may become infeasible as time passes, For example, in the latter part of the century, China becomes a net loser under equal per capita distribution because its economy is projected to grow ...
... ■ Several simple, plausible schemes for allocating tradable emission permits can have paradoxical effects, and may become infeasible as time passes, For example, in the latter part of the century, China becomes a net loser under equal per capita distribution because its economy is projected to grow ...
PowerPoint presentation (PPT file)
... specific values for the general defaults and more disaggregated activity data characterized by relatively smaller uncertainties ...
... specific values for the general defaults and more disaggregated activity data characterized by relatively smaller uncertainties ...
Feng et al (2009)
... estimation of future international immigration flows. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1002632107 ...
... estimation of future international immigration flows. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1002632107 ...
Recent Developments in Australian Climate Change Litigation
... because an indirect effect of expanding coal mine operations is an eventual increase in GHG emissions.51 Although complicated procedurally, this VCAT decision is vitally important climate change jurisprudence in Australia. By deciding that applications for permits or amendments to planning scheme ...
... because an indirect effect of expanding coal mine operations is an eventual increase in GHG emissions.51 Although complicated procedurally, this VCAT decision is vitally important climate change jurisprudence in Australia. By deciding that applications for permits or amendments to planning scheme ...
Microsoft Word
... Syllabus, specifically the content of the Preliminary Year topic PMA6 Data Analysis, many of its activities can be used in other areas of the curriculum, namely in Stage 5 Science, Stage 5 Geography and Stage 6 Earth and Environmental Science. At the end of this document, the connections of individu ...
... Syllabus, specifically the content of the Preliminary Year topic PMA6 Data Analysis, many of its activities can be used in other areas of the curriculum, namely in Stage 5 Science, Stage 5 Geography and Stage 6 Earth and Environmental Science. At the end of this document, the connections of individu ...
Climate change in New Brunswick (Canada): statistical downscaling
... Models (GCMs), air temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 ºC, and precipitation by 3 to 15 % globally in the 21st century. However, specific regional projections about the impact of climate change are hampered by the limited spatial resolution of global circulation models, making it diff ...
... Models (GCMs), air temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 ºC, and precipitation by 3 to 15 % globally in the 21st century. However, specific regional projections about the impact of climate change are hampered by the limited spatial resolution of global circulation models, making it diff ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.