PACIFIC SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
... at its current rate, it portends sea-level rise of one meter or more by 2100. Recent projections and estimates of sea-level rise in the next century strongly suggest that one meter or more is possible if not likE~ly by 2100. 2 Beyond 2100, recent science looking at the relationship between Antarctic ...
... at its current rate, it portends sea-level rise of one meter or more by 2100. Recent projections and estimates of sea-level rise in the next century strongly suggest that one meter or more is possible if not likE~ly by 2100. 2 Beyond 2100, recent science looking at the relationship between Antarctic ...
Adaptation Cost Estimation - Asia Pacific Adaptation Network
... 2. Aggregate Estimates of Costs of Adaptation • Many studies have used integrated assessment models to estimate the impacts of climate change under “Business as Usual” (BAU) assumptions, and the cost to mitigate these impacts. • For example, the Stern Report (2006) estimated that BAU climate change ...
... 2. Aggregate Estimates of Costs of Adaptation • Many studies have used integrated assessment models to estimate the impacts of climate change under “Business as Usual” (BAU) assumptions, and the cost to mitigate these impacts. • For example, the Stern Report (2006) estimated that BAU climate change ...
Vol.11, No.2, 2011
... simulated wind oscillation has the observed downward propagation, roughly the right amplitude, and a mean period only somewhat shorter than observed (24 months vs the observed 27 – 28 months). The simulated oscillation, however, is more regular than that observed, the period of almost every cycle lo ...
... simulated wind oscillation has the observed downward propagation, roughly the right amplitude, and a mean period only somewhat shorter than observed (24 months vs the observed 27 – 28 months). The simulated oscillation, however, is more regular than that observed, the period of almost every cycle lo ...
New American Media (Opinion), January 20, 2010, by Andrew
... the largest share of oil pollution globally, vastly based on the 1991 Gulf War that caused the largest oil spill in history. Other forms of marine pollution include thermal, salinity and chemical pollution. UNESCO, UNEP, Ropme & Recso are supporting a process of discussing cross-border issues. Road ...
... the largest share of oil pollution globally, vastly based on the 1991 Gulf War that caused the largest oil spill in history. Other forms of marine pollution include thermal, salinity and chemical pollution. UNESCO, UNEP, Ropme & Recso are supporting a process of discussing cross-border issues. Road ...
Three Key Elements of Post-2012 International Climate Policy
... Finally, Jing Cao (2010) presents the perspective of China, the most important of the emerging economies, by examining an approach which seeks to reconcile fairness, economic development imperatives, and sensible climate policy actions. She takes as her starting point the Copenhagen Accord, the majo ...
... Finally, Jing Cao (2010) presents the perspective of China, the most important of the emerging economies, by examining an approach which seeks to reconcile fairness, economic development imperatives, and sensible climate policy actions. She takes as her starting point the Copenhagen Accord, the majo ...
The Climate and Cryosphere
... water cycles due to seasonal snow and ice cover, the water volume stored in ice sheets and glaciers, and the greenhouse gases locked up in permafrost are also major factors. Through these factors and associated feedback processes, the cryosphere plays a significant role in numerical, hydrological an ...
... water cycles due to seasonal snow and ice cover, the water volume stored in ice sheets and glaciers, and the greenhouse gases locked up in permafrost are also major factors. Through these factors and associated feedback processes, the cryosphere plays a significant role in numerical, hydrological an ...
appeal to authority
... calculated by the climate models of the IPCC. When Arrhenius developed his theories about the effect of CO2 on the global temperature he did not have the benefit of Quantum Physics to define the process, and falsely assumed an incorrect relationship. The IPCC models are based on the assumptions of A ...
... calculated by the climate models of the IPCC. When Arrhenius developed his theories about the effect of CO2 on the global temperature he did not have the benefit of Quantum Physics to define the process, and falsely assumed an incorrect relationship. The IPCC models are based on the assumptions of A ...
Climate Change Processes ATM 494/694 and GEOG 494/694 (4 credits)
... Students who are successful in this class will learn these things: The climate history of Earth as we now understand it, with particular emphasis on the last 2 million years. They will gain a basic understanding of how the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and biosphere interacted in the course of ...
... Students who are successful in this class will learn these things: The climate history of Earth as we now understand it, with particular emphasis on the last 2 million years. They will gain a basic understanding of how the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and biosphere interacted in the course of ...
backgrounder - The Heritage Foundation
... encourage businesses and investors to turn the billions of dollars in existing low-carbon investments into the trillions of dollars the world needs to bring clean energy and prosperity to all.”14 Business support for international climate agreements is nothing new, nor is it surprising, even if that ...
... encourage businesses and investors to turn the billions of dollars in existing low-carbon investments into the trillions of dollars the world needs to bring clean energy and prosperity to all.”14 Business support for international climate agreements is nothing new, nor is it surprising, even if that ...
terms of reference
... 1) BACKGROUND Climate has always been considered as one of the most precious natural resources being gifted to human-beings. Such data on, temperature, humidity, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, wind, the phenomena occurring in the atmosphere and many other factors play a significant role to all ...
... 1) BACKGROUND Climate has always been considered as one of the most precious natural resources being gifted to human-beings. Such data on, temperature, humidity, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, wind, the phenomena occurring in the atmosphere and many other factors play a significant role to all ...
Open Access - Lund University Publications
... for the Member States and an altering change in energy use. Can increasing change in EU environmental policy be explained by the actions of the nationstates, is it the pressure from Member State and internal targets, which has led to the higher level of ambition or are the supranational actors such ...
... for the Member States and an altering change in energy use. Can increasing change in EU environmental policy be explained by the actions of the nationstates, is it the pressure from Member State and internal targets, which has led to the higher level of ambition or are the supranational actors such ...
Climate Change and Related Program Activities
... largest sources with the most CAA permitting experience. The rule then expands to cover the largest sources of GHG that may not have been previously covered by the CAA for other pollutants. Finally, it describes EPA plans for any additional steps in this process. • The CAA permitting program emissio ...
... largest sources with the most CAA permitting experience. The rule then expands to cover the largest sources of GHG that may not have been previously covered by the CAA for other pollutants. Finally, it describes EPA plans for any additional steps in this process. • The CAA permitting program emissio ...
1 Changes in Hurricane Climatology in Recent Decades Anais Orsi
... hurricane occurrence due to global warming. However, it is debatable whether such a trend exists. For example, Figure 3 is a plot of National Hurricane Center data of US hurricane strike by decade, with the data split into all hurricanes (categories 1 through 5) and major hurricanes (categories 3, 4 ...
... hurricane occurrence due to global warming. However, it is debatable whether such a trend exists. For example, Figure 3 is a plot of National Hurricane Center data of US hurricane strike by decade, with the data split into all hurricanes (categories 1 through 5) and major hurricanes (categories 3, 4 ...
International Tundra Experiment ITEX
... Moss-dominated, tree-less tundra ecosystems are important for the earth’s carbon and energy balance because of long-term carbon storage in recalcitrant moss tissue and high reflectivity when covered with snow. Climate change may alter these functions, by affecting the composition and functioning of ...
... Moss-dominated, tree-less tundra ecosystems are important for the earth’s carbon and energy balance because of long-term carbon storage in recalcitrant moss tissue and high reflectivity when covered with snow. Climate change may alter these functions, by affecting the composition and functioning of ...
ITU ICT and the environment
... channel). Taking into account that there are roughly one hundred thousands transmitters in these countries with power of up to 100-150 kW each, most of them operating 24 hours a day the energy savings will be very important! ITU-R Study Group 5 has developed the ITU-R “Intelligent Transport System” ...
... channel). Taking into account that there are roughly one hundred thousands transmitters in these countries with power of up to 100-150 kW each, most of them operating 24 hours a day the energy savings will be very important! ITU-R Study Group 5 has developed the ITU-R “Intelligent Transport System” ...
Worksheets on Climate Change: The threat to tropical rainforests
... The threat to tropical rainforests and international climate protection Forests are of major significance for many ecosystems as well as the Earth’s climate system. They serve as a habitat for numerous species – the Amazon rainforest, which measures around 3.7 million km2, holds around 10% of the wo ...
... The threat to tropical rainforests and international climate protection Forests are of major significance for many ecosystems as well as the Earth’s climate system. They serve as a habitat for numerous species – the Amazon rainforest, which measures around 3.7 million km2, holds around 10% of the wo ...
natural ecosystems chapter 8
... competition, predation, consumption of plants by animals, parasitism, disease, and mutually beneficial relations (Yang and Rudolf 2010). Organisms may adapt phenologically to environmental change through evolution or phenotypic plasticity (the ability of individuals to consciously or unconsciously i ...
... competition, predation, consumption of plants by animals, parasitism, disease, and mutually beneficial relations (Yang and Rudolf 2010). Organisms may adapt phenologically to environmental change through evolution or phenotypic plasticity (the ability of individuals to consciously or unconsciously i ...
The atmospheric water cycle How will it change in a
... Why is the global precipitation not increasing in spite of a warming temperature trend? Is this an observational problem or is it because global precipitation is not directly driven by temperature? There are indications from some regions that precipitation is indeed increasing. Is this an artefact b ...
... Why is the global precipitation not increasing in spite of a warming temperature trend? Is this an observational problem or is it because global precipitation is not directly driven by temperature? There are indications from some regions that precipitation is indeed increasing. Is this an artefact b ...
Special Report on Emission Scenario’s
... 2030 would require a large shift in the pattern of investment, although the net additional investment required ranges from negligible to 5-10% • It is often more cost-effective to invest in end-use energy efficiency improvement than in increasing energy supply IPCC ...
... 2030 would require a large shift in the pattern of investment, although the net additional investment required ranges from negligible to 5-10% • It is often more cost-effective to invest in end-use energy efficiency improvement than in increasing energy supply IPCC ...
Robust Land–Ocean Contrasts in Energy and Water Cycle Feedbacks
... over land in a warming climate, this study examines simulated land–ocean contrasts in fully coupled projections from the Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) archive. In addition to the projection of disproportionate changes in temperature and moisture over land, the analysis reveals ...
... over land in a warming climate, this study examines simulated land–ocean contrasts in fully coupled projections from the Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) archive. In addition to the projection of disproportionate changes in temperature and moisture over land, the analysis reveals ...
How to read a Climate-Fact-Sheet
... 2.1. Description of the multi-model-ensemble based on global climate projections These model simulations were created within the framework of the “Coupled Model Intercomparision Project No. 3” (CMIP3) and form the data basis of climate projections for the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (Interg ...
... 2.1. Description of the multi-model-ensemble based on global climate projections These model simulations were created within the framework of the “Coupled Model Intercomparision Project No. 3” (CMIP3) and form the data basis of climate projections for the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (Interg ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.