Philosophy of Climate Science Part II: Modelling
... the state of the climate system (projected into the climate model’s own domain) at the beginning of the period being simulated. The latter are values for any variables which affect the system but which are not directly output by the calculations. These include, for instance, the concentration of gre ...
... the state of the climate system (projected into the climate model’s own domain) at the beginning of the period being simulated. The latter are values for any variables which affect the system but which are not directly output by the calculations. These include, for instance, the concentration of gre ...
The influence of vegetation dynamics on anthropogenic climate
... warm climate, since they cover the snow and thus reduce surface albedo strongly compared to herbaceous vegetation and low-stand shrubs (Brovkin, 2002; Matthews et al., 2004; Essery et al., 2009). The impact of temperate forests on climate depends on the seasons. In winter and spring, temperate fores ...
... warm climate, since they cover the snow and thus reduce surface albedo strongly compared to herbaceous vegetation and low-stand shrubs (Brovkin, 2002; Matthews et al., 2004; Essery et al., 2009). The impact of temperate forests on climate depends on the seasons. In winter and spring, temperate fores ...
Response to the NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE …
... crisis: we need solutions to both; Trade unions, social movements and environmental organisations have formed an alliance to campaign for the creation of one million climate jobs, now. Our initial research shows that more than three million new climate jobs can be created. COSATU / Sustain Labour No ...
... crisis: we need solutions to both; Trade unions, social movements and environmental organisations have formed an alliance to campaign for the creation of one million climate jobs, now. Our initial research shows that more than three million new climate jobs can be created. COSATU / Sustain Labour No ...
executive_summary
... The Skagit River delta has evolved over time due to both human and natural processes. Human activities such as construction of dikes and levees have influenced the formation of distributaries (dominant flow paths) that deliver most of the sediments and river flow to the delta, isolating numerous lar ...
... The Skagit River delta has evolved over time due to both human and natural processes. Human activities such as construction of dikes and levees have influenced the formation of distributaries (dominant flow paths) that deliver most of the sediments and river flow to the delta, isolating numerous lar ...
Climate Change News 10 February 10
... development, food security and climate change mitigation and adaptation. The report, titled “Harvesting agriculture’s multiple benefits: mitigation, adaptation, development and food security,” highlights that many agriculture-based climate change mitigation options, such as restoration of degraded l ...
... development, food security and climate change mitigation and adaptation. The report, titled “Harvesting agriculture’s multiple benefits: mitigation, adaptation, development and food security,” highlights that many agriculture-based climate change mitigation options, such as restoration of degraded l ...
Climate impacts of ozone-depleting substances and their
... HFCs offset climate benefits Montreal Protocol Dual protection Montreal Protocol: to Ozone layer and Climate change – Already achieved climate benefits 5-6 times larger than Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008-2012 Climate benefits can be offset by projected increases in HFCs – HFC emissions can reach ...
... HFCs offset climate benefits Montreal Protocol Dual protection Montreal Protocol: to Ozone layer and Climate change – Already achieved climate benefits 5-6 times larger than Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008-2012 Climate benefits can be offset by projected increases in HFCs – HFC emissions can reach ...
Signatures of the Antarctic ozone hole in Southern Hemisphere
... has been shown to be statistically significant 15–17 and distinct from estimates of natural variability 15. As discussed later in this Review, qualitatively similar trends towards the high-index polarity of the SAM are found in climate models forced by increasing greenhouse gases. Such simulations s ...
... has been shown to be statistically significant 15–17 and distinct from estimates of natural variability 15. As discussed later in this Review, qualitatively similar trends towards the high-index polarity of the SAM are found in climate models forced by increasing greenhouse gases. Such simulations s ...
Climate Change and Forest Disturbances
... Virginia H. Dale (e-mail: [email protected]) is a senior scientist and Paul J. Hanson is a research scientist in the Environmental Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038. Linda A. Joyce is a project leader with the USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO 80523. Steve M ...
... Virginia H. Dale (e-mail: [email protected]) is a senior scientist and Paul J. Hanson is a research scientist in the Environmental Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6038. Linda A. Joyce is a project leader with the USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO 80523. Steve M ...
Climate Press
... models, and which is not? Today, climate models are far from being perfect. Many processes are described very rudimentarily only. Furthermore, today’s models represent various processes incorrectly, such as the El Niño phenomenon or the distribution of sea surface temperatures in the tropics. The si ...
... models, and which is not? Today, climate models are far from being perfect. Many processes are described very rudimentarily only. Furthermore, today’s models represent various processes incorrectly, such as the El Niño phenomenon or the distribution of sea surface temperatures in the tropics. The si ...
Nullifying the climate null hypothesis
... essentially that past climate variability is indistinguishable from a stochastic red-noise process, whose only regularities are those of periodic external forcing. Given such a null hypothesis, the official consensus of IPCC (1995) tilts towards a global warming effect of recent trace-gas emissions, ...
... essentially that past climate variability is indistinguishable from a stochastic red-noise process, whose only regularities are those of periodic external forcing. Given such a null hypothesis, the official consensus of IPCC (1995) tilts towards a global warming effect of recent trace-gas emissions, ...
Climate Change as a Regulator of Tectonics on Venus
... Earth. The distribution and states of preservation of impact craters indicate that much of the surface is indistinguishable in age from a mean value of 300 to 700 million years (My) (1–3). Venus lacks evidence for global plate tectonics (4), but widespread volcanic plains record globally coherent ep ...
... Earth. The distribution and states of preservation of impact craters indicate that much of the surface is indistinguishable in age from a mean value of 300 to 700 million years (My) (1–3). Venus lacks evidence for global plate tectonics (4), but widespread volcanic plains record globally coherent ep ...
This GREEEN guide is not a manual on how to deal with climate
... they are i) analysing the main causes of climate change, ii) evaluating the effects on a global scale, and iii) teaching strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change on a local to a global level. A first point to face climate change teaching is analysing the main causes: variations in ...
... they are i) analysing the main causes of climate change, ii) evaluating the effects on a global scale, and iii) teaching strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change on a local to a global level. A first point to face climate change teaching is analysing the main causes: variations in ...
Climate change is catchy – but when will it really... RESEARCH
... are indeed measurable has created an important opportunity to interrogate the relationship between climate and disease in southern Africa, regionally and in respective subregions. If the contribution of climate variability to the variability in infectious disease incidence can be determined on a ran ...
... are indeed measurable has created an important opportunity to interrogate the relationship between climate and disease in southern Africa, regionally and in respective subregions. If the contribution of climate variability to the variability in infectious disease incidence can be determined on a ran ...
communicating climate change: closing the science
... avoid being blatant and offer solutions that help audiences translate their concern into feasible and effective actions (Floyd et al. 2000). Fear appeals or images of overwhelmingly big problems without effective ways to counter them frequently result in denial, numbing, and apathy, i.e. reactions t ...
... avoid being blatant and offer solutions that help audiences translate their concern into feasible and effective actions (Floyd et al. 2000). Fear appeals or images of overwhelmingly big problems without effective ways to counter them frequently result in denial, numbing, and apathy, i.e. reactions t ...
Content - STORMBRINGER!
... Title: Land-atmosphere interactions and regional Earth system dynamics due to natural and anthropogenic vegetation changes Abstract Observation and modelling studies have indicated that the global land surface has been undergoing significant changes in the past few decades, driven by both natural an ...
... Title: Land-atmosphere interactions and regional Earth system dynamics due to natural and anthropogenic vegetation changes Abstract Observation and modelling studies have indicated that the global land surface has been undergoing significant changes in the past few decades, driven by both natural an ...
Slide 1
... integrated into national, regional and global observing priorities. The observing system is not just to estimate the mean climate or for weather forecasting but to look for relatively small changes early,. ...
... integrated into national, regional and global observing priorities. The observing system is not just to estimate the mean climate or for weather forecasting but to look for relatively small changes early,. ...
PDF
... should be contrasted to risk (measurable or probabilistic uncertainty) where probabilities can be assigned to events and are summarized by a subjective probability measure or a single Bayesian prior. Inspired by the work of Knight and subsequently by Ellsberg (1961), economic theorists have question ...
... should be contrasted to risk (measurable or probabilistic uncertainty) where probabilities can be assigned to events and are summarized by a subjective probability measure or a single Bayesian prior. Inspired by the work of Knight and subsequently by Ellsberg (1961), economic theorists have question ...
Agriculture and food systems in sub
... As noted above, several modelling studies have assessed the potential impacts of climate change on agricultural production in SSA, although the projected ranges of shifts in yields for the major crops vary widely [13,14]. Many of these studies have estimated yield impacts in response to the Special ...
... As noted above, several modelling studies have assessed the potential impacts of climate change on agricultural production in SSA, although the projected ranges of shifts in yields for the major crops vary widely [13,14]. Many of these studies have estimated yield impacts in response to the Special ...
cơ sở xây dựng hệ thống đo đạc, báo cáo, thẩm định (cho việt nam
... Climate change impacts in Vietnam – In the past 50 years, the average annual temperature has increased by about 0.5oC; – Increased rainfall in rainy season (May 5-11); – Large floods occurs more frequently in the Central and the South; – Reduced rainfall in dry season (May 7, 8); – Annual serious dr ...
... Climate change impacts in Vietnam – In the past 50 years, the average annual temperature has increased by about 0.5oC; – Increased rainfall in rainy season (May 5-11); – Large floods occurs more frequently in the Central and the South; – Reduced rainfall in dry season (May 7, 8); – Annual serious dr ...
Integrating Climate Information and Adaptation in Project
... project and based on currently available information. The social or institutional costs (change of behaviour, impact on particular groups of people, etc.) associated with adaptation measures should also be clearly assessed and explained where appropriate. c. The expected benefits of recommended adap ...
... project and based on currently available information. The social or institutional costs (change of behaviour, impact on particular groups of people, etc.) associated with adaptation measures should also be clearly assessed and explained where appropriate. c. The expected benefits of recommended adap ...
Standard PDF - Wiley Online Library
... with sufficient stratospheric sulfate aerosol loading, backscattered insolation will cool Earth. The amount of cooling depends on the amount of aerosols and how long the aerosol cloud is maintained in the stratosphere. Many negative impacts of global warming are strongly correlated with global avera ...
... with sufficient stratospheric sulfate aerosol loading, backscattered insolation will cool Earth. The amount of cooling depends on the amount of aerosols and how long the aerosol cloud is maintained in the stratosphere. Many negative impacts of global warming are strongly correlated with global avera ...
Climate change and coral reefs – key issues and risks for the
... Rising seas linked to climate change may not pose a major threat to coral reefs, as long as sea-‐level rises slowly enough for coral reef accretion (the rate of accumulation of coral skeleton) to ...
... Rising seas linked to climate change may not pose a major threat to coral reefs, as long as sea-‐level rises slowly enough for coral reef accretion (the rate of accumulation of coral skeleton) to ...
high confidence
... [low confidence, limited evidence, low agreement], assuming no change in emissions, but the implications for future particulate pollution (which is more health-damaging) are very uncertain Higher temperatures may have affected trends in ground level tropospheric ozone [low confidence] Climate change ...
... [low confidence, limited evidence, low agreement], assuming no change in emissions, but the implications for future particulate pollution (which is more health-damaging) are very uncertain Higher temperatures may have affected trends in ground level tropospheric ozone [low confidence] Climate change ...
3.1.13 Caspian Sea level fluctuations as a consequence of regional
... change. This difficulty occurs primarily because the terrestrial climate system can respond to the imposed changes by reinforcing their magnitude (a positive feedback) or by damping (a negative feedback). Without being comprehensive, here we could discuss a few of the better known climate feedback p ...
... change. This difficulty occurs primarily because the terrestrial climate system can respond to the imposed changes by reinforcing their magnitude (a positive feedback) or by damping (a negative feedback). Without being comprehensive, here we could discuss a few of the better known climate feedback p ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.