Use of models in detection and attribution of climate change
... recent greenhouse gas levels far exceed previous levels (‘The combined radiative forcing due to increases in carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide is +2.30 [+2.07 to +2.53] W m−2 , and its rate of increase during the industrial era is very likely to have been unprecedented in more than 10,000 y ...
... recent greenhouse gas levels far exceed previous levels (‘The combined radiative forcing due to increases in carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide is +2.30 [+2.07 to +2.53] W m−2 , and its rate of increase during the industrial era is very likely to have been unprecedented in more than 10,000 y ...
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... variables used in the binary logistic model. Table 2 presents the results of the estimated model. The estimated model indicated classification rates of 85.4% for no adaptation, 90.6% for adaptation and an overall classification rate of 88.7%. These results indicate the degree of accuracy of the mode ...
... variables used in the binary logistic model. Table 2 presents the results of the estimated model. The estimated model indicated classification rates of 85.4% for no adaptation, 90.6% for adaptation and an overall classification rate of 88.7%. These results indicate the degree of accuracy of the mode ...
The Effects of Global Change upon United States Air Quality
... by an amount that would appropriately offset the predicted cropland expansion for a given ...
... by an amount that would appropriately offset the predicted cropland expansion for a given ...
Communicating and Learning About Global Climate
... deliberately and precisely to obtain their evidence.They may, for example, control the temperature, change the concentration of chemicals, or choose which organisms mate with which others. By varying just one condition at a time, they can hope to identify its exclusive effects on what happens, uncom ...
... deliberately and precisely to obtain their evidence.They may, for example, control the temperature, change the concentration of chemicals, or choose which organisms mate with which others. By varying just one condition at a time, they can hope to identify its exclusive effects on what happens, uncom ...
New Zealand`s Journey toward a Low-Emission Future
... influence has grown since AR4.2 It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. (iv) Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and changes in all components of the climate system. Limiting climate c ...
... influence has grown since AR4.2 It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. (iv) Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and changes in all components of the climate system. Limiting climate c ...
Civic Education About Climate Change
... discussions. Applied to climate change, survey assessments of climate literacy have included understanding the natural and man-made causes of climate change as well as current and future climate change-related impacts and risks (Nisbet & Myers, 2007). The recent Yale University report “Americans Kno ...
... discussions. Applied to climate change, survey assessments of climate literacy have included understanding the natural and man-made causes of climate change as well as current and future climate change-related impacts and risks (Nisbet & Myers, 2007). The recent Yale University report “Americans Kno ...
An Introduction to the Science of Climate Change
... such as the burning of fossil fuels and to land use practices such as deforestation (IPCC, 2001). There is high confidence in available data (67-95% confidence rate by IPCC, 2001) that recent increases in regional temperatures have already started to affect many global physical and biological system ...
... such as the burning of fossil fuels and to land use practices such as deforestation (IPCC, 2001). There is high confidence in available data (67-95% confidence rate by IPCC, 2001) that recent increases in regional temperatures have already started to affect many global physical and biological system ...
Forest Service Chief`s Climate Change and Wilderness Briefing
... mitigation effectiveness, it is unclear how wilderness compares with other appropriately managed national forest lands. It seems unlikely that mitigation effectiveness would vary substantially with differences in how wilderness is managed, as long as management is consistent with The Wilderness Act. ...
... mitigation effectiveness, it is unclear how wilderness compares with other appropriately managed national forest lands. It seems unlikely that mitigation effectiveness would vary substantially with differences in how wilderness is managed, as long as management is consistent with The Wilderness Act. ...
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... While climatic conditions have varied throughout the history of the world, recent evidence suggests that since the mid-1970s the global land surface temperature has warmed at a rate about twice the ocean surface temperature and, measured over the last 50 years, the world has warmed at nearly twice t ...
... While climatic conditions have varied throughout the history of the world, recent evidence suggests that since the mid-1970s the global land surface temperature has warmed at a rate about twice the ocean surface temperature and, measured over the last 50 years, the world has warmed at nearly twice t ...
Report on climate change and migration scenario
... coastal resources, and degradation of agricultural lands. Fertility decline, driven in part by women’s increasing participation in education at all levels, slows population growth. 2.3 International literature Boncour and Burson (2009), in their study of the South Pacific region accept that there is ...
... coastal resources, and degradation of agricultural lands. Fertility decline, driven in part by women’s increasing participation in education at all levels, slows population growth. 2.3 International literature Boncour and Burson (2009), in their study of the South Pacific region accept that there is ...
The greenhouse effect
... Explain the molecular mechanisms by which greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases are all molecular in nature, (meaning comprised of more than one atom). For our purposes we will consider the triatomic molecule CO2. A simple model of CO2 has springs connecting the two oxygen ...
... Explain the molecular mechanisms by which greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases are all molecular in nature, (meaning comprised of more than one atom). For our purposes we will consider the triatomic molecule CO2. A simple model of CO2 has springs connecting the two oxygen ...
- Wiley Online Library
... constructed and updates this dataset from observations at meteorological stations across the world0 s land areas. Harris et al. (2014) compared it with other datasets and found a very good agreement for South America. Gridded data matched observations of temperatures much better than those of precip ...
... constructed and updates this dataset from observations at meteorological stations across the world0 s land areas. Harris et al. (2014) compared it with other datasets and found a very good agreement for South America. Gridded data matched observations of temperatures much better than those of precip ...
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... multifaceted impacts on regular natural resources. Even though Pakistan has a very limited role in causing global warming and climate change but its geographical location makes it vulnerable to these changes and there worsening impacts. The climate change is mainly caused by the emission of greenhou ...
... multifaceted impacts on regular natural resources. Even though Pakistan has a very limited role in causing global warming and climate change but its geographical location makes it vulnerable to these changes and there worsening impacts. The climate change is mainly caused by the emission of greenhou ...
Going beyond aid effectiveness to guide the delivery of climate finance
... global climate change, it is acknowledged that countries have differing levels of responsibility. The majority of cumulative carbon emissions have been generated by high-income countries. These countries should, therefore, bear most of the burden of carbon emission reduction. But it is developing co ...
... global climate change, it is acknowledged that countries have differing levels of responsibility. The majority of cumulative carbon emissions have been generated by high-income countries. These countries should, therefore, bear most of the burden of carbon emission reduction. But it is developing co ...
UKCP09: Probabilistic projections of wind speed
... largest ensemble of HadCM3 variants, used to simulate equilibrium climate change as described above, provides a good first order estimate of the spread of responses consistent with modelling uncertainties. This ensemble is then augmented by use of the multi-model ensemble, in order to sample the eff ...
... largest ensemble of HadCM3 variants, used to simulate equilibrium climate change as described above, provides a good first order estimate of the spread of responses consistent with modelling uncertainties. This ensemble is then augmented by use of the multi-model ensemble, in order to sample the eff ...
Carbon Capture and Storage Association
... The Committee intends to draw primarily on the work of the IPCC, as published in the Fifth Assessment Report, in assessing the implications of climate science for the budget advice The Committee’s advice is based on a climate objective to limit central estimates of temperature rise to as close to 2 ...
... The Committee intends to draw primarily on the work of the IPCC, as published in the Fifth Assessment Report, in assessing the implications of climate science for the budget advice The Committee’s advice is based on a climate objective to limit central estimates of temperature rise to as close to 2 ...
Heat stress and the fitness consequences of climate change for
... One limitation of these analyses is that they do not consider the negative fitness consequences of extreme temperatures: in these models, fitness (r) at temperatures below CTmin and above CTmax is bounded at r = 0 (replacement rate). Field studies suggest that even occasional ‘heat waves’ with environ ...
... One limitation of these analyses is that they do not consider the negative fitness consequences of extreme temperatures: in these models, fitness (r) at temperatures below CTmin and above CTmax is bounded at r = 0 (replacement rate). Field studies suggest that even occasional ‘heat waves’ with environ ...
Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in
... that which would have occurred due only to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. More limited data suggest that stratospheric water vapor probably increased between 1980 and 2000, which would have enhanced the decadal rate of surface warming during the 1990s by about 30% compared to estimates n ...
... that which would have occurred due only to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. More limited data suggest that stratospheric water vapor probably increased between 1980 and 2000, which would have enhanced the decadal rate of surface warming during the 1990s by about 30% compared to estimates n ...
Estimates of the Damage Costs of Climate Change
... studies is often not detailed enough to link regional impacts with regional climate change, while the number of reported scenarios is often too limited to separate the effects of, say, temperature and precipitation. Climate change will occur in the future, and its most pronounced effects may well be ...
... studies is often not detailed enough to link regional impacts with regional climate change, while the number of reported scenarios is often too limited to separate the effects of, say, temperature and precipitation. Climate change will occur in the future, and its most pronounced effects may well be ...
the impact of weather and climate risks on cereal crops productivity
... potential, according to the results previously obtained. Deviation from the optimal weather conditions causes decrease or total loss of crop productivity. This statement highlights the productivity modification from year to year. Overlapping of crop productivity, evolution of the multiannual thermal ...
... potential, according to the results previously obtained. Deviation from the optimal weather conditions causes decrease or total loss of crop productivity. This statement highlights the productivity modification from year to year. Overlapping of crop productivity, evolution of the multiannual thermal ...
M01P02SusCO2Emiss
... Source: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ...
... Source: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ...
international, national, and state responses to climate change
... http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/scientific-assessment/Scientific-AssessmentFINAL.pdf. ...
... http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/scientific-assessment/Scientific-AssessmentFINAL.pdf. ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.