2.2 Climate Change Impacts in Ghana
... through: (i) rising temperatures, (ii) declining rainfall totals and increased variability, (iii) rising sea levels and (iv) high incidence of weather extremes and disasters. The average annual temperature has increased 1°C in the last 30 years. Based on this data, the Minia et al. (2004) estimate t ...
... through: (i) rising temperatures, (ii) declining rainfall totals and increased variability, (iii) rising sea levels and (iv) high incidence of weather extremes and disasters. The average annual temperature has increased 1°C in the last 30 years. Based on this data, the Minia et al. (2004) estimate t ...
Global change and marine communities: Alien species and climate
... (material flow between trophic groups, primary production, relative extent of organic material decomposition, extent of benthic-pelagic coupling). Some examples are given, including a special mention of the situation of the Mediterranean Sea, where so many species have been introduced recently, and w ...
... (material flow between trophic groups, primary production, relative extent of organic material decomposition, extent of benthic-pelagic coupling). Some examples are given, including a special mention of the situation of the Mediterranean Sea, where so many species have been introduced recently, and w ...
Static mass-balance sensitivity of Arctic glaciers and ice caps using
... mass-balance height feedback and imbalance, and only refers to the change in area-weighted average mass balance caused by an instant change in a climatic parameter, in this case temperature or precipitation. Jóhannesson (1997) found that the difference between the static and the dynamic approach wa ...
... mass-balance height feedback and imbalance, and only refers to the change in area-weighted average mass balance caused by an instant change in a climatic parameter, in this case temperature or precipitation. Jóhannesson (1997) found that the difference between the static and the dynamic approach wa ...
Impacts of greenhouse gases and aerosol direct and indirect effects
... combustion and biomass burning, and other gases like methane, nitrous dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and tropospheric ozone. These gases are responsible for a warming of the Earth's surface because of enhanced atmospheric absorption and re-emission at lower temperatures of longwave (LW) radiation in ...
... combustion and biomass burning, and other gases like methane, nitrous dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and tropospheric ozone. These gases are responsible for a warming of the Earth's surface because of enhanced atmospheric absorption and re-emission at lower temperatures of longwave (LW) radiation in ...
SEA LEVEL RISE IN THE CARIBBEAN
... level rise (SLR), coastal erosion, extreme events and the loss of aesthetics), which are projected to accelerate in the coming decades and compound the existing threats to natural systems and society. Dulal et al. conclude that: “If the Caribbean countries fail to adapt, they are likely to take dire ...
... level rise (SLR), coastal erosion, extreme events and the loss of aesthetics), which are projected to accelerate in the coming decades and compound the existing threats to natural systems and society. Dulal et al. conclude that: “If the Caribbean countries fail to adapt, they are likely to take dire ...
Climate Changes Caucasus - WWF
... suffer from the lack of access to safe drinking water and water shortage is a particular problem in Azerbaijan and Armenia, where Azerbaijan has very high water consumption per capita. With regard to climate change, the Southern Caucasus region already shows climate induced changes with increasing t ...
... suffer from the lack of access to safe drinking water and water shortage is a particular problem in Azerbaijan and Armenia, where Azerbaijan has very high water consumption per capita. With regard to climate change, the Southern Caucasus region already shows climate induced changes with increasing t ...
Resource Guide to NGO Climate Adaptation Resources and Tools
... Natural Resource Conservation Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and universities are leading the way on climate adaptation planning and data management. Many NGOs have climate change and climate adaptation as the leading issue that they are addressing. This has led to a vast and growing system o ...
... Natural Resource Conservation Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and universities are leading the way on climate adaptation planning and data management. Many NGOs have climate change and climate adaptation as the leading issue that they are addressing. This has led to a vast and growing system o ...
North Atlantic storminess and Atlantic Meridional Overturning
... Gonzalez-Rouco et al., 2011), but internal variability of the atmosphere–ocean system (Wunsch, 1999; Raible et al., 2005) is a plausible alternative hypothesis. It is worth noting in this context that on interannual scales, volcanic eruptions are followed by positive winter NAO phases (Fischer et al ...
... Gonzalez-Rouco et al., 2011), but internal variability of the atmosphere–ocean system (Wunsch, 1999; Raible et al., 2005) is a plausible alternative hypothesis. It is worth noting in this context that on interannual scales, volcanic eruptions are followed by positive winter NAO phases (Fischer et al ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CLIMATE ECONOMICS: A META-REVIEW AND SOME SUGGESTIONS Geoffrey Heal
... About a year ago, the U.K. government published the Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change, written by a team led by Nicholas Stern [35]. The publication of the Stern Review provoked an unprecedented outpouring of papers on the same topic: we have probably seen more economics papers on clim ...
... About a year ago, the U.K. government published the Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change, written by a team led by Nicholas Stern [35]. The publication of the Stern Review provoked an unprecedented outpouring of papers on the same topic: we have probably seen more economics papers on clim ...
Ireland’s Climate: the road ahead IR E
... kilometres away, climate always has a global context; the impacts of rising greenhouse gases on the Irish climate can only be assessed by using a global model that realistically simulates all of the physical processes that make up the climate system. Interest in the Irish climate has considerably in ...
... kilometres away, climate always has a global context; the impacts of rising greenhouse gases on the Irish climate can only be assessed by using a global model that realistically simulates all of the physical processes that make up the climate system. Interest in the Irish climate has considerably in ...
Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology LETTERS
... techniques, and the MODIS land cover dynamics product20 , with two decades of ground observations of individual tree phenology, and measurements of CO2 exchange between forests and the atmosphere at seven long-term research sites. Across all scales (organism, ecosystem, landscape) we detect a consis ...
... techniques, and the MODIS land cover dynamics product20 , with two decades of ground observations of individual tree phenology, and measurements of CO2 exchange between forests and the atmosphere at seven long-term research sites. Across all scales (organism, ecosystem, landscape) we detect a consis ...
Addressing Climate Change through a Risk Management Lens
... Although climate change is a long‐term problem that will require sustained policy action for a century or longer, it is unlikely that we will be able to set climate policy today for the entire 21st century. Many uncertainties are so profound that they will not be resolved soon and, in some cases, ...
... Although climate change is a long‐term problem that will require sustained policy action for a century or longer, it is unlikely that we will be able to set climate policy today for the entire 21st century. Many uncertainties are so profound that they will not be resolved soon and, in some cases, ...
PDF
... The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) defines climate change as “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades ...
... The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) defines climate change as “a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades ...
A Climate of Concern: Climate Change and Health Strategy
... our health. Whether our focus is on the creeping effects of gradual climate change or the unexpected and often violent effects of severe weather, serious health implications exist. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013) has found that the warming of the climate is unequivocal, an ...
... our health. Whether our focus is on the creeping effects of gradual climate change or the unexpected and often violent effects of severe weather, serious health implications exist. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013) has found that the warming of the climate is unequivocal, an ...
Valuing the Ocean: Extended Executive Summary
... Ocean acidification is already happening, and is a direct consequence of increased CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. This is not speculation; it is highly certain based on known chemical equilibria. Mean surface ocean acidity has increased by 30 percent since the industrial revolution and, if we cont ...
... Ocean acidification is already happening, and is a direct consequence of increased CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. This is not speculation; it is highly certain based on known chemical equilibria. Mean surface ocean acidity has increased by 30 percent since the industrial revolution and, if we cont ...
Climatic Threat Spaces as a Tool to Assess Current and Future
... A series of crop production years are analyzed, and years showing relevant decreases or increases are searched within the threat space for a potentially responsible climatic factor. Years with extreme climatic conditions are expected to have an impact on agricultural yields and production. The clim ...
... A series of crop production years are analyzed, and years showing relevant decreases or increases are searched within the threat space for a potentially responsible climatic factor. Years with extreme climatic conditions are expected to have an impact on agricultural yields and production. The clim ...
... rise requires an interaction with WGI that provides comprehensive information on the probability distribution of the amount and timing of sea level rise, changes in extremes, regional patterns, and wave action. Special challenges of building and operating infrastructure in coastal and low-lying area ...
Soil drying in Europe and its impact on atmospheric
... region. The summer of 2003 has triggered many modeling and observational studies demonstrating such an impact of soil moisture. In addition, many future climate projections show strong changes in the landatmosphere feedback patterns (Seneviratne et al, 2006) or responses of mean and variability of a ...
... region. The summer of 2003 has triggered many modeling and observational studies demonstrating such an impact of soil moisture. In addition, many future climate projections show strong changes in the landatmosphere feedback patterns (Seneviratne et al, 2006) or responses of mean and variability of a ...
PDF - ECC Platform Library
... within the region, this briefing focuses on the need and options for (diplomatic) cooperation on three geographical levels: transboundary river basin cooperation, regional cooperation and multilateral cooperation. Then the signs and impacts throughout the region - of climate change in particular - a ...
... within the region, this briefing focuses on the need and options for (diplomatic) cooperation on three geographical levels: transboundary river basin cooperation, regional cooperation and multilateral cooperation. Then the signs and impacts throughout the region - of climate change in particular - a ...
Climate change alters interannual variation of grassland
... in China varied between growing seasons, and increased vegetation productivity was closely coupled with climate warming, with the maximum increase occurring in April and May. Therefore, the lack of long-term direct measurements, especially seasonal observations, may limit our understanding of how gr ...
... in China varied between growing seasons, and increased vegetation productivity was closely coupled with climate warming, with the maximum increase occurring in April and May. Therefore, the lack of long-term direct measurements, especially seasonal observations, may limit our understanding of how gr ...
PDF - Climate Diplomacy
... board, statistical results also show that the social consequences of sudden climatic shocks, such as floods following a peak in rainfall, are very d ifferent from those of more gradual changes in climatic conditions, such as shifts in mean annual precipitation. This is not surprising, when consi ...
... board, statistical results also show that the social consequences of sudden climatic shocks, such as floods following a peak in rainfall, are very d ifferent from those of more gradual changes in climatic conditions, such as shifts in mean annual precipitation. This is not surprising, when consi ...
Features of the Prototype Nations Climate Model
... • Runs fast for high-iteration model testing – Model simulates 500 years in less than .1 second – Allows for practical analysis in areas such as uncertainty, tradeoffs, optimization, and robustness ...
... • Runs fast for high-iteration model testing – Model simulates 500 years in less than .1 second – Allows for practical analysis in areas such as uncertainty, tradeoffs, optimization, and robustness ...
ADDENDUM: Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States AD
... Warming over this century is likely to be near the low end of the range specified in the various reports of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Scaling the IPCC’s midrange computer models with observed climate changes yields a warming of approximately 2.9°F. The glo ...
... Warming over this century is likely to be near the low end of the range specified in the various reports of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Scaling the IPCC’s midrange computer models with observed climate changes yields a warming of approximately 2.9°F. The glo ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.