Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Gluconeogenesis Lectures
... Important: Muscle’s ability to reduce pyruvate to lactate is a way shift the metabolic burden under high stress to other organs, e.g. liver, heart. (Reaction also regenerates NAD+ in muscle) ...
... Important: Muscle’s ability to reduce pyruvate to lactate is a way shift the metabolic burden under high stress to other organs, e.g. liver, heart. (Reaction also regenerates NAD+ in muscle) ...
New Functions for Parts of the Krebs Cycle in Procyclic
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
... Metabolic Pathways in the Presence of Glucose (10 mM), Glycerol (13 mM), Proline (5 mM), and Threonine (3 mM)—The incubations performed with [6-14C]glucose demonstrated that acetate and succinate were the main excreted end products of glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous ...
Presentation 2013-201307040352
... beats about 100,000 times, pumps approximately 10 tons of blood through the body, and cycles about 6 kg of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) (20– 30 times its own weight). ...
... beats about 100,000 times, pumps approximately 10 tons of blood through the body, and cycles about 6 kg of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) (20– 30 times its own weight). ...
Oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids
... Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis causing dephosphorylation of carboxylase. Glucagon and epinephrine have the reverse effect (keep the carboxylase in the inactive phosphorylated state). Protein kinase is activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP. Carboxylase is inactivated when the energy charge i ...
... Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis causing dephosphorylation of carboxylase. Glucagon and epinephrine have the reverse effect (keep the carboxylase in the inactive phosphorylated state). Protein kinase is activated by AMP and inhibited by ATP. Carboxylase is inactivated when the energy charge i ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... acetone. The odor of acetone may be detected in the breath of a person who has a high level of acetoacetate in the blood. ...
... acetone. The odor of acetone may be detected in the breath of a person who has a high level of acetoacetate in the blood. ...
4. Power: Pathways that make ATP
... The head part of the molecule is called flavin and it is shown above. It is where the action occurs – what changes during the chemical reaction. The big tail of FAD, like the tail of NAD, helps to hold these molecules in the proper location in the enzymes that use them. Our bodies have enzymes that ...
... The head part of the molecule is called flavin and it is shown above. It is where the action occurs – what changes during the chemical reaction. The big tail of FAD, like the tail of NAD, helps to hold these molecules in the proper location in the enzymes that use them. Our bodies have enzymes that ...
20 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... and aerobic exercise program of daily tennis and jogging (see Chapter 19). He has lost a total of 33 lb and is just 23 lb from his college weight of 154 lb. His exercise capacity has markedly improved; he can run for a longer time at a faster pace before noting shortness of breath or palpitations of ...
... and aerobic exercise program of daily tennis and jogging (see Chapter 19). He has lost a total of 33 lb and is just 23 lb from his college weight of 154 lb. His exercise capacity has markedly improved; he can run for a longer time at a faster pace before noting shortness of breath or palpitations of ...
Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis
... chemical and physical properties of lactic acid were complicated by the tendency of solutions of lactic acid to form intermolecular esters, forming polylactate structures such as the two molecular lactoyllactic acid. Nevertheless, the discovery that lactic acid could crystallize occurred as early as ...
... chemical and physical properties of lactic acid were complicated by the tendency of solutions of lactic acid to form intermolecular esters, forming polylactate structures such as the two molecular lactoyllactic acid. Nevertheless, the discovery that lactic acid could crystallize occurred as early as ...
Cellular respiration
... the cytoplasm and is an anaerobic process. Pyruvate is the final product of the glycolysis and it can follow two pathways: 1.Cellular respiration (aerobic pathway) 1.Fermentation (anaerobic pathway) ...
... the cytoplasm and is an anaerobic process. Pyruvate is the final product of the glycolysis and it can follow two pathways: 1.Cellular respiration (aerobic pathway) 1.Fermentation (anaerobic pathway) ...
Cellular respiration
... the cytoplasm and is an anaerobic process. Pyruvate is the final product of the glycolysis and it can follow two pathways: 1.Cellular respiration (aerobic pathway) 1.Fermentation (anaerobic pathway) ...
... the cytoplasm and is an anaerobic process. Pyruvate is the final product of the glycolysis and it can follow two pathways: 1.Cellular respiration (aerobic pathway) 1.Fermentation (anaerobic pathway) ...
Thermogenic Mechanisms and Their Hormonal Regulation
... under stimulation by Ca2⫹, seems to remain well coupled (172). However, it is possible that the net efficiency of ATP utilization in pumping Ca2⫹ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum be also reduced to some extent to producing heat, which has been called “uncoupling” of the Ca2⫹ pump (67, 219), as will b ...
... under stimulation by Ca2⫹, seems to remain well coupled (172). However, it is possible that the net efficiency of ATP utilization in pumping Ca2⫹ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum be also reduced to some extent to producing heat, which has been called “uncoupling” of the Ca2⫹ pump (67, 219), as will b ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... carriers NADH and FADH2. In the third stage of respiration, these reduced coenzymes are themselves oxidized, giving up protons (H) and electrons. The electrons are transferred to O2—the final electron acceptor—via a chain of electron-carrying molecules known as the respiratory chain. In the course ...
... carriers NADH and FADH2. In the third stage of respiration, these reduced coenzymes are themselves oxidized, giving up protons (H) and electrons. The electrons are transferred to O2—the final electron acceptor—via a chain of electron-carrying molecules known as the respiratory chain. In the course ...
Physiological Strategies During Animal Diapause: Lessons from
... of diapausing embryos that exhibit exceptional tolerance to environmental stress (Fig. 1). The typical adult lifespan of an annual killifish ranges from a few weeks to a few months (the duration of pond inundation), while diapausing embryos may remain embedded in dried mud for several months or perh ...
... of diapausing embryos that exhibit exceptional tolerance to environmental stress (Fig. 1). The typical adult lifespan of an annual killifish ranges from a few weeks to a few months (the duration of pond inundation), while diapausing embryos may remain embedded in dried mud for several months or perh ...
Chapter 2 - Carbon dioxide assimilation and respiration
... of very unusual but correlated properties, related in one way or another to the process of photosynthesis, that contrasted with the vast majority of other vascular plants. These included an unusual leaf anatomy, substantially higher rates of photosynthesis and growth, higher temperature and light op ...
... of very unusual but correlated properties, related in one way or another to the process of photosynthesis, that contrasted with the vast majority of other vascular plants. These included an unusual leaf anatomy, substantially higher rates of photosynthesis and growth, higher temperature and light op ...
practice oxidative phosphorylation worksheet11
... & uses NO energy to do so (spontaneous). Active Transport is the flow of particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration & USES energy to do so (not spontaneous). The intermembrane space (aka outer matrix) is acidic (or high [H+]) The inner matrix is basic (or low [H+] ...
... & uses NO energy to do so (spontaneous). Active Transport is the flow of particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration & USES energy to do so (not spontaneous). The intermembrane space (aka outer matrix) is acidic (or high [H+]) The inner matrix is basic (or low [H+] ...
Protein translation in Plasmodium parasites
... (Figure 1). Most proteins resident in the apicoplast are encoded by the nuclear genome, translated in the cytoplasm, and transported into the apicoplast using specific targeting signals [4]. Detection of plastid-encoded EF-Tu by western blot and immunofluorescence has provided evidence for translati ...
... (Figure 1). Most proteins resident in the apicoplast are encoded by the nuclear genome, translated in the cytoplasm, and transported into the apicoplast using specific targeting signals [4]. Detection of plastid-encoded EF-Tu by western blot and immunofluorescence has provided evidence for translati ...
18. Metabolism of lipids 1
... • are synthesized in the ER of intestinal cells • contain 85 % of TGs (it is the main transport form of dietary TGs). • apoprotein B-48 (apo B-48) is the main protein component • deliver TGs from the intestine (via lymph and blood) to tissues (muscle for energy, adipose for storage). • bind to membr ...
... • are synthesized in the ER of intestinal cells • contain 85 % of TGs (it is the main transport form of dietary TGs). • apoprotein B-48 (apo B-48) is the main protein component • deliver TGs from the intestine (via lymph and blood) to tissues (muscle for energy, adipose for storage). • bind to membr ...
Regulation of mitochondrial calcium in plants versus animals
... strictly requires energization and does not take place in the presence of respiratory chain inhibitors such as antimycin A, KCN, and NaN3 (Dieter and Marmé, 1980). Ca2+ import in most (Hodges and Hanson, 1965; Chen and Lehninger, 1973) but not all (Zottini and Zannoni, 1993) cases requires inorganic ...
... strictly requires energization and does not take place in the presence of respiratory chain inhibitors such as antimycin A, KCN, and NaN3 (Dieter and Marmé, 1980). Ca2+ import in most (Hodges and Hanson, 1965; Chen and Lehninger, 1973) but not all (Zottini and Zannoni, 1993) cases requires inorganic ...
The Plasma Membrane - Beck-Shop
... referred to as membrane-derived oligosaccharides (MDOs), and they have been associated with stabilization of the plasma membrane as a stress response process. All molecules have the common feature in that they are tethered into the membrane by a glycerol moiety with carbon atom number one of glycero ...
... referred to as membrane-derived oligosaccharides (MDOs), and they have been associated with stabilization of the plasma membrane as a stress response process. All molecules have the common feature in that they are tethered into the membrane by a glycerol moiety with carbon atom number one of glycero ...
New Insights into the Interaction of Carbohydrate and Fat
... preference away from carbohydrate and towards fatty acids. Other in vitro work demonstrated that citrate was a potent inhibitor of the cytoplasmic enzyme phosphofructokinase, such that increases in citrate content would decrease carbohydrate use. Finally, glucose-6-phosphate had also been shown to i ...
... preference away from carbohydrate and towards fatty acids. Other in vitro work demonstrated that citrate was a potent inhibitor of the cytoplasmic enzyme phosphofructokinase, such that increases in citrate content would decrease carbohydrate use. Finally, glucose-6-phosphate had also been shown to i ...
Objectives 30 - u.arizona.edu
... 1. Attachment of the acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the CE & the malonyl group from malonyl CoA to ACP 2. Acetyl group from CE condenses with the malonyl residue on the ACP causing the release of CO2 & leaving a 4 carbon intermediate covalently bound to ACP 3. 2 molecules of NADPH from niacin a 4 c ...
... 1. Attachment of the acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the CE & the malonyl group from malonyl CoA to ACP 2. Acetyl group from CE condenses with the malonyl residue on the ACP causing the release of CO2 & leaving a 4 carbon intermediate covalently bound to ACP 3. 2 molecules of NADPH from niacin a 4 c ...
Model of Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism
... MATERIALS S2: METABOLIC REACTIONS FLUX EXPRESSIONS The flux expressions for the compartmentalized lumped metabolic reactions that convert substrates to products in the two subcellular compartments (cytosol and mitochondria) in coupled with the energy controller pairs ATP-ADP and NADH-NAD+ are writte ...
... MATERIALS S2: METABOLIC REACTIONS FLUX EXPRESSIONS The flux expressions for the compartmentalized lumped metabolic reactions that convert substrates to products in the two subcellular compartments (cytosol and mitochondria) in coupled with the energy controller pairs ATP-ADP and NADH-NAD+ are writte ...
The experiments provide ne~~~den~~~~t the r&rate clewage pathway... of carbon for the synthesis of $tty ack& k‘l...
... citrate is derived from i~trarn~~~~o~l~ia1citrate via the intermediate formation of rr-ketoglutarate or glutamate, as shown in Scheme 4. According to this vie$ ~tra~jto~~undrial citrate is converted to a-ketoglutarate or glutamate qr both. cc-Ketoghnarateor g~~~arn~t~ or both then diffuse into the e ...
... citrate is derived from i~trarn~~~~o~l~ia1citrate via the intermediate formation of rr-ketoglutarate or glutamate, as shown in Scheme 4. According to this vie$ ~tra~jto~~undrial citrate is converted to a-ketoglutarate or glutamate qr both. cc-Ketoghnarateor g~~~arn~t~ or both then diffuse into the e ...
CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2
... 1) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA 2) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3CO-CoA 3) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3-CO-CoA 4) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3-CO-CoA 5) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH ...
... 1) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA 2) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3CO-CoA 3) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3-CO-CoA 4) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO-CoA + CH3-CO-CoA 5) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH ...
AdvLec10_WebCT
... ATP used up to ph’late fructose cellular energy is reduced phosphate ‘trapped’ in fructose 1 P all of the above ...
... ATP used up to ph’late fructose cellular energy is reduced phosphate ‘trapped’ in fructose 1 P all of the above ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.