Localization and nucleotide specificity of Blastocystis succinyl‐CoA
... Blastocystis is a widespread human intestinal parasite infecting up to 10% of the developed world (Stenzel and Boreham, 1996). However, the role Blastocystis has in causing actual disease, if any, is still a matter of dispute. It is one of the few known human parasites within the stramenopiles (Silb ...
... Blastocystis is a widespread human intestinal parasite infecting up to 10% of the developed world (Stenzel and Boreham, 1996). However, the role Blastocystis has in causing actual disease, if any, is still a matter of dispute. It is one of the few known human parasites within the stramenopiles (Silb ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide homeostasis and
... A major enzyme involved in NAD hydrolysis is the CD38 ectoenzyme that generates NAM, ADPR and cyclic ADPR (cADPR), the two latters acting as a second messengers in calcium signaling [17]. CD38 can also generate the NAADP derivative of NADP involved in lysosomal Ca2+ mobilization [17]. The activity o ...
... A major enzyme involved in NAD hydrolysis is the CD38 ectoenzyme that generates NAM, ADPR and cyclic ADPR (cADPR), the two latters acting as a second messengers in calcium signaling [17]. CD38 can also generate the NAADP derivative of NADP involved in lysosomal Ca2+ mobilization [17]. The activity o ...
1. Fatty acids may be synthesized from dietary glucose via pyruvate
... 2. Fatty acids are the preferred fuel source for the heart and the primary form in which excess fuel is stored in adipose tissue. 3. The major site of fatty acid synthesis is the liver. 4. The enzymes that synthesize fatty acids are localized in the cytosol, and they are completely different from th ...
... 2. Fatty acids are the preferred fuel source for the heart and the primary form in which excess fuel is stored in adipose tissue. 3. The major site of fatty acid synthesis is the liver. 4. The enzymes that synthesize fatty acids are localized in the cytosol, and they are completely different from th ...
Plant Biochemistry
... deliberately omitted dealing with elements such as the structure and function of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides; the function of nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information; and the structure and function of proteins and the basis of enzyme catalysis. I have dealt with topics of ge ...
... deliberately omitted dealing with elements such as the structure and function of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides; the function of nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information; and the structure and function of proteins and the basis of enzyme catalysis. I have dealt with topics of ge ...
H. Heldt
... deliberately omitted dealing with elements such as the structure and function of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides; the function of nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information; and the structure and function of proteins and the basis of enzyme catalysis. I have dealt with topics of ge ...
... deliberately omitted dealing with elements such as the structure and function of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides; the function of nucleic acids as carriers of genetic information; and the structure and function of proteins and the basis of enzyme catalysis. I have dealt with topics of ge ...
chapter 15: answers to selected problems
... is reasonable, because the citric acid cycle must convert citrate ion into oxaloacetate ion. Citrate ion contains six carbon atoms and oxaloacetate ion contains only four, so the citric acid cycle must remove two carbon atoms from the original citrate skeleton. 15.29 There are four oxidation steps i ...
... is reasonable, because the citric acid cycle must convert citrate ion into oxaloacetate ion. Citrate ion contains six carbon atoms and oxaloacetate ion contains only four, so the citric acid cycle must remove two carbon atoms from the original citrate skeleton. 15.29 There are four oxidation steps i ...
Evidence for Several Cysteine Transport Mechanisms in the
... the essential role of AtETHE1 in plant metabolism. It is apparent that the lack of cysteine degradation but not production leads to a lethal phenotype, while OAS-TL-C plays a more predominant role in regulating OAS formation through CSC formation than cysteine production. Despite the importance of c ...
... the essential role of AtETHE1 in plant metabolism. It is apparent that the lack of cysteine degradation but not production leads to a lethal phenotype, while OAS-TL-C plays a more predominant role in regulating OAS formation through CSC formation than cysteine production. Despite the importance of c ...
Balancing between respiration and fermentation - UvA-DARE
... effectt might derive from changes in flux through the glycolytic and pentose-phosphate pathway which,, due to a limited respiratory capacity of S. cerevisiae [2], results in ethanol production in thiss yeast. Therefore, the basis of the difference in physiology between S. cerevisiae and K. lactislac ...
... effectt might derive from changes in flux through the glycolytic and pentose-phosphate pathway which,, due to a limited respiratory capacity of S. cerevisiae [2], results in ethanol production in thiss yeast. Therefore, the basis of the difference in physiology between S. cerevisiae and K. lactislac ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
... Background—Carnitine acetyltransferase catalyzes the reversible conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) into acetylcarnitine. The aim of this study was to use the metabolic tracer hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate with magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facil ...
... Background—Carnitine acetyltransferase catalyzes the reversible conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) into acetylcarnitine. The aim of this study was to use the metabolic tracer hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate with magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facil ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
... Background—Carnitine acetyltransferase catalyzes the reversible conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) into acetylcarnitine. The aim of this study was to use the metabolic tracer hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate with magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facil ...
... Background—Carnitine acetyltransferase catalyzes the reversible conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) into acetylcarnitine. The aim of this study was to use the metabolic tracer hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate with magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine whether carnitine acetyltransferase facil ...
The Importance of Patient-Specific Factors for Hepatic Drug - U-PGx
... Adverse reactions to medications account for approximately 6.5% of all hospital admissions and cause the death of 0.1%–0.2% of all hospitalized patients [13] with specific subpopulations being at even higher risk. In pediatric patients up to 39% of ADR-related hospitalizations have been found to be ...
... Adverse reactions to medications account for approximately 6.5% of all hospital admissions and cause the death of 0.1%–0.2% of all hospitalized patients [13] with specific subpopulations being at even higher risk. In pediatric patients up to 39% of ADR-related hospitalizations have been found to be ...
Electrolytes and metabolic disorder.
... Normal energy supply for the heart: fatty acid oxidation, 10-40% energy derived from pyruvate (from glycolysis or conversion of lactate) FAs have higher yields of ATP/molecule, ATP yield/O2 molecule is 5%-10% better with lactate and glucose Exercise, inotropes and fast pacing: lactate uptake by myoc ...
... Normal energy supply for the heart: fatty acid oxidation, 10-40% energy derived from pyruvate (from glycolysis or conversion of lactate) FAs have higher yields of ATP/molecule, ATP yield/O2 molecule is 5%-10% better with lactate and glucose Exercise, inotropes and fast pacing: lactate uptake by myoc ...
Muscle Energetics and Fatigue - Dr. Feher
... Muscle cells burn glucose, but the amount of free glucose in the blood is limited and cannot fuel muscle activity alone. Muscles and liver store carbohydrates as glycogen. Glycogen is mobilized through glycogenolysis to provide glucose for muscle activity. Glycogenolysis is controlled by sympathetic ...
... Muscle cells burn glucose, but the amount of free glucose in the blood is limited and cannot fuel muscle activity alone. Muscles and liver store carbohydrates as glycogen. Glycogen is mobilized through glycogenolysis to provide glucose for muscle activity. Glycogenolysis is controlled by sympathetic ...
Luminaries - Oxford Academic
... necessary for flight. This was a particularly good model as this muscle maintained its oxidative capacity after its disruption and suspension in aqueous media. In these studies, Dr. ...
... necessary for flight. This was a particularly good model as this muscle maintained its oxidative capacity after its disruption and suspension in aqueous media. In these studies, Dr. ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... Fatty acids shorter than 12 carbons can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane without the aid of carnitine or the CPT system. Once inside the mitochondria, they are activated to their CoA derivatives by matrix enzymes, and are oxidized. ...
... Fatty acids shorter than 12 carbons can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane without the aid of carnitine or the CPT system. Once inside the mitochondria, they are activated to their CoA derivatives by matrix enzymes, and are oxidized. ...
Glycolysis
... isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic behavior and they are tissue specific. Hexokinase in muscle - allosteric inhibition by ATP Hexokinase in brain - NO allosteric inhibition by ATP Hexokinase is one of the regulatory enzymes in the Glycolysis ...
... isozymes: Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are different in their kinetic behavior and they are tissue specific. Hexokinase in muscle - allosteric inhibition by ATP Hexokinase in brain - NO allosteric inhibition by ATP Hexokinase is one of the regulatory enzymes in the Glycolysis ...
Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine
... has been found in all metazoans, as well as in some bacteria, protozoa, viruses and fungi [3–7]. O-GlcNAcylation is distinct from traditional glycosylation in that it is restricted to the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria and it is not extended into complex elongated structures; it also exhibits p ...
... has been found in all metazoans, as well as in some bacteria, protozoa, viruses and fungi [3–7]. O-GlcNAcylation is distinct from traditional glycosylation in that it is restricted to the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria and it is not extended into complex elongated structures; it also exhibits p ...
FATTY ACID METABOLISM
... • Oxaloacetate is regenerated, but it is not formed de novo when the acetyl unit of acetyl CoA is oxidized by the citric acid cycle. • In contrast, plants have two additional enzymes enabling them to convert the carbon atoms of acetyl CoA into oxaloacetate. ...
... • Oxaloacetate is regenerated, but it is not formed de novo when the acetyl unit of acetyl CoA is oxidized by the citric acid cycle. • In contrast, plants have two additional enzymes enabling them to convert the carbon atoms of acetyl CoA into oxaloacetate. ...
novel aspects of carnitine function and metabolism
... OMM. We have demonstrated that CPT1 does not seem to be crucial in the passage of acylcarnitines through the OMM for further oxidation within the mitochondria, or at least this is not the exclusive route for the access of acylcarnitines to the intermembrane space. It is generally assumed that medium ...
... OMM. We have demonstrated that CPT1 does not seem to be crucial in the passage of acylcarnitines through the OMM for further oxidation within the mitochondria, or at least this is not the exclusive route for the access of acylcarnitines to the intermembrane space. It is generally assumed that medium ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... since the environmental conditions within the respec tive plastid compartments were not duplicated. These results, however, do support the proposition that the ACS is not the “typical” mechanism for the production of chloroplastic acetyl-CoA [11, 12, 19, ...
... since the environmental conditions within the respec tive plastid compartments were not duplicated. These results, however, do support the proposition that the ACS is not the “typical” mechanism for the production of chloroplastic acetyl-CoA [11, 12, 19, ...
The Regulation of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthesis in Chloroplasts
... since the environmental conditions within the respec tive plastid compartments were not duplicated. These results, however, do support the proposition that the ACS is not the “typical” mechanism for the production of chloroplastic acetyl-CoA [11, 12, 19, ...
... since the environmental conditions within the respec tive plastid compartments were not duplicated. These results, however, do support the proposition that the ACS is not the “typical” mechanism for the production of chloroplastic acetyl-CoA [11, 12, 19, ...
FATTY ACID CATABOLISM
... phosphates of ATP to form a fatty acyl–adenylate, the mixed anhydride of a carboxylic acid and a phosphoric acid. The other product is PPi, an excellent leaving group that is immediately hydrolyzed to two Pi, pulling the reaction in the forward direction. In step 2 , the thiol group of ...
... phosphates of ATP to form a fatty acyl–adenylate, the mixed anhydride of a carboxylic acid and a phosphoric acid. The other product is PPi, an excellent leaving group that is immediately hydrolyzed to two Pi, pulling the reaction in the forward direction. In step 2 , the thiol group of ...
Details of the scope analysis for each organism
... ATP + H+ + pantetheine 4'-phosphate diphosphate + dephospho-CoA The reaction catalyzed by the nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylytransferase (EC 2.7.7.18) is proved to be reversible in a biochemical assay in E. coli [53]. However, as the E. coli reconstruction considers this reaction as irrevers ...
... ATP + H+ + pantetheine 4'-phosphate diphosphate + dephospho-CoA The reaction catalyzed by the nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylytransferase (EC 2.7.7.18) is proved to be reversible in a biochemical assay in E. coli [53]. However, as the E. coli reconstruction considers this reaction as irrevers ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Gluconeogenesis Lectures
... Important: Muscle’s ability to reduce pyruvate to lactate is a way shift the metabolic burden under high stress to other organs, e.g. liver, heart. (Reaction also regenerates NAD+ in muscle) ...
... Important: Muscle’s ability to reduce pyruvate to lactate is a way shift the metabolic burden under high stress to other organs, e.g. liver, heart. (Reaction also regenerates NAD+ in muscle) ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.