Analysis and engineering of acetyl
... bfft also of compensatory back-ffp pathflays that become actifie flhen the mechanisms that carry the majority of the ffffi in flild-type cells are inactifiated by genetic modi cation or by changing process conditions. Chapter 4 therefore infiestigates alternatifie reactions at the interface of glycolysis and TC ...
... bfft also of compensatory back-ffp pathflays that become actifie flhen the mechanisms that carry the majority of the ffffi in flild-type cells are inactifiated by genetic modi cation or by changing process conditions. Chapter 4 therefore infiestigates alternatifie reactions at the interface of glycolysis and TC ...
Chapter 2—Cell Physiology
... pierced by many nuclear ____________________. ANS: nuclear envelope, pores PTS: 1 ...
... pierced by many nuclear ____________________. ANS: nuclear envelope, pores PTS: 1 ...
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... ANS: transfer PTS: 1 5. The ____________________ ER is the central packaging and discharge site for molecules to be transported from the ER. ANS: smooth PTS: 1 6. The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered membrane, the ____________________ which is pierced by many nuclear ____________________. A ...
... ANS: transfer PTS: 1 5. The ____________________ ER is the central packaging and discharge site for molecules to be transported from the ER. ANS: smooth PTS: 1 6. The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered membrane, the ____________________ which is pierced by many nuclear ____________________. A ...
Oxidation and Synthesis of Fatty Acids in Soluble Enzyme Systems
... volumes of acetone the resulting acetone powder contains dried, damaged mitochondria which when extracted with dilute salt solutions readily release the enzymes of the fatty acid oxidation cycle (21, 22). These enzymes after solubilization can now be separated one from another by the conventional me ...
... volumes of acetone the resulting acetone powder contains dried, damaged mitochondria which when extracted with dilute salt solutions readily release the enzymes of the fatty acid oxidation cycle (21, 22). These enzymes after solubilization can now be separated one from another by the conventional me ...
Chapter 2—Cell Physiology - College Test bank
... ANS: transfer PTS: 1 5. The ____________________ ER is the central packaging and discharge site for molecules to be transported from the ER. ANS: smooth PTS: 1 6. The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered membrane, the ____________________ which is pierced by many nuclear ____________________. A ...
... ANS: transfer PTS: 1 5. The ____________________ ER is the central packaging and discharge site for molecules to be transported from the ER. ANS: smooth PTS: 1 6. The nucleus is surrounded by a double-layered membrane, the ____________________ which is pierced by many nuclear ____________________. A ...
Pollen tube energetics: respiration, fermentation
... Pollen tubes grow through the style and oxygen diffusion is perforce affected by the local environment. Tobacco has a solid style whereas lily has a hollow style, which presumably allows for more rapid oxygen diffusion. Linskens and Schrauwen (1966), working with various cultivars of Hippeastrum, sh ...
... Pollen tubes grow through the style and oxygen diffusion is perforce affected by the local environment. Tobacco has a solid style whereas lily has a hollow style, which presumably allows for more rapid oxygen diffusion. Linskens and Schrauwen (1966), working with various cultivars of Hippeastrum, sh ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... acid (TCA) cycle, or the Krebs cycle. In the second part of cellular respiration, referred to as oxidative phosphorylation, the high-transfer-potential electrons are transferred to oxygen to form water in a series of oxidation–reduction reactions. This transfer is highly exergonic, and the released ...
... acid (TCA) cycle, or the Krebs cycle. In the second part of cellular respiration, referred to as oxidative phosphorylation, the high-transfer-potential electrons are transferred to oxygen to form water in a series of oxidation–reduction reactions. This transfer is highly exergonic, and the released ...
Chapter 4 General metabolism
... to a series of oxidation-reduction reactions and may originate by fermentation products such as ethanol, lactic acid, CO2, or be channeled into Krebs cycle for respiration. The intracellular hexoses enter the glycolytic pathway after a phosphorylation step, which in the case of glucose leads to gluc ...
... to a series of oxidation-reduction reactions and may originate by fermentation products such as ethanol, lactic acid, CO2, or be channeled into Krebs cycle for respiration. The intracellular hexoses enter the glycolytic pathway after a phosphorylation step, which in the case of glucose leads to gluc ...
Chapter 8: Energy generation:glycolysis
... process (Fig. 8.2). The first stage is called glycolysis. Each six-carbon glucose molecule is broken down to two molecules of the three-carbon sugar called pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen and so can occur in all cells of all organisms. However, it releases less than 7% of the total free ...
... process (Fig. 8.2). The first stage is called glycolysis. Each six-carbon glucose molecule is broken down to two molecules of the three-carbon sugar called pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen and so can occur in all cells of all organisms. However, it releases less than 7% of the total free ...
Short-term regulation of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase
... molecules of TDP-containing pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1; abbreviated E1) are joined to the binding domains of E2 (Reed, 2001; Fries et al., 2003). Twelve homodimeric molecules of FAD-containing dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.1.4; abbreviated E3) are connected with the binding domains ...
... molecules of TDP-containing pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1; abbreviated E1) are joined to the binding domains of E2 (Reed, 2001; Fries et al., 2003). Twelve homodimeric molecules of FAD-containing dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.1.4; abbreviated E3) are connected with the binding domains ...
Boundless Study Slides
... • glycolysis the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source • glycolysis the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source • heterotroph an organism that requires an external supp ...
... • glycolysis the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source • glycolysis the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and ATP as an energy source • heterotroph an organism that requires an external supp ...
Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease - AJP
... Furthermore, cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA, whose pool is augmented by transport mechanisms that convert mitochondrial acetyl-CoA to transportable metabolites (see CoA transferasedependent ketogenesis in extrahepatic tissues), inhibits fatty acid oxidation: acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the conversion o ...
... Furthermore, cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA, whose pool is augmented by transport mechanisms that convert mitochondrial acetyl-CoA to transportable metabolites (see CoA transferasedependent ketogenesis in extrahepatic tissues), inhibits fatty acid oxidation: acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the conversion o ...
Rat sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase - UNC
... Of interest was the ¢nding that 10-fold higher concentrations of 2,3-butanedione were required to inhibit the recombinant GPAT compared to mitochondrial GPAT from rat liver, but the inhibitory concentrations of phenylglyoxal were similar for each, perhaps due to the di¡ering abilities of each inhibi ...
... Of interest was the ¢nding that 10-fold higher concentrations of 2,3-butanedione were required to inhibit the recombinant GPAT compared to mitochondrial GPAT from rat liver, but the inhibitory concentrations of phenylglyoxal were similar for each, perhaps due to the di¡ering abilities of each inhibi ...
Wax ester fermentation and fatty acid biosynthesis in the facultatively
... complexes. The electrons release energy by each transfer among the transport chain towards oxygen which serves as terminal electron acceptor. The energy released by the transfer among the transport chain, localized on the mitochondrial inner membrane, is stored in form of a proton gradient and then ...
... complexes. The electrons release energy by each transfer among the transport chain towards oxygen which serves as terminal electron acceptor. The energy released by the transfer among the transport chain, localized on the mitochondrial inner membrane, is stored in form of a proton gradient and then ...
Adaptations of anaerobic archaea to life under extreme energy
... possible by a chemiosmotic mechanism that involves the generation of an electrochemical ion gradient across the cytoplasmatic membrane that then drives ATP synthesis via an A1AO ATP synthase. The minimal amount of energy required is thus depending on the magnitude of the electrochemical ion gradient ...
... possible by a chemiosmotic mechanism that involves the generation of an electrochemical ion gradient across the cytoplasmatic membrane that then drives ATP synthesis via an A1AO ATP synthase. The minimal amount of energy required is thus depending on the magnitude of the electrochemical ion gradient ...
Intermediary metabolism
... series of electron transport chain redox proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. During electron transfer, some of these redox proteins shuttle protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intramembrane space of the mitochondria, thereby creating an electrochemical gradient. The potent ...
... series of electron transport chain redox proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. During electron transfer, some of these redox proteins shuttle protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intramembrane space of the mitochondria, thereby creating an electrochemical gradient. The potent ...
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... the excessive lipid deposits, characterizing the homozygous tn embryos, result from excessive lipogenesis or from a lack of utilization of the lipid which is being synthesized at normal rates. To distinguish between these two possibilities embryos must be processed for autoradiography after a suitab ...
... the excessive lipid deposits, characterizing the homozygous tn embryos, result from excessive lipogenesis or from a lack of utilization of the lipid which is being synthesized at normal rates. To distinguish between these two possibilities embryos must be processed for autoradiography after a suitab ...
phosphorylation. synthesis via the mechanism of substrate level
... All experiments described in this paper were performed with the pyruvateutilizing mutant of M. barkeri (4). Growth of M. barkeri on pyruvate. The organism was routinely grown at 378C in anaerobic glass bottles on mineral medium containing pyruvate as the carbon and energy source, as described before ...
... All experiments described in this paper were performed with the pyruvateutilizing mutant of M. barkeri (4). Growth of M. barkeri on pyruvate. The organism was routinely grown at 378C in anaerobic glass bottles on mineral medium containing pyruvate as the carbon and energy source, as described before ...
Chapter X-1: The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle
... air “restored” by vegetation could support the breathing of animals. air is “restored” only in the presence of light and only by the green parts of the plant. photosynthesis has a light-dependent stage and a light-independent stage. isolated chloroplasts are able to produce O2 in the absence of ligh ...
... air “restored” by vegetation could support the breathing of animals. air is “restored” only in the presence of light and only by the green parts of the plant. photosynthesis has a light-dependent stage and a light-independent stage. isolated chloroplasts are able to produce O2 in the absence of ligh ...
Probing peroxisomal β-oxidation and the labelling of acetyl
... which very-long-chain n-fatty acids are partially shortened to long-chain acyl-CoAs which are transferred to the mitochondria for complete β-oxidation [1]. Based on the relative activities of enzymes of mitochondrial compared with peroxisomal β-oxidation, the latter appears to contribute only a smal ...
... which very-long-chain n-fatty acids are partially shortened to long-chain acyl-CoAs which are transferred to the mitochondria for complete β-oxidation [1]. Based on the relative activities of enzymes of mitochondrial compared with peroxisomal β-oxidation, the latter appears to contribute only a smal ...
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... of specific cell types in the liver, testis, and brain. It is an electrogenic transporter with a Na+ :citrate3− stoichiometry of 4:1. In humans, the Michaelis constant for SLC13A5 to transport citrate is ~600 µM, which is physiologically relevant given that the normal concentration of citrate in pla ...
... of specific cell types in the liver, testis, and brain. It is an electrogenic transporter with a Na+ :citrate3− stoichiometry of 4:1. In humans, the Michaelis constant for SLC13A5 to transport citrate is ~600 µM, which is physiologically relevant given that the normal concentration of citrate in pla ...
REDESIGN OF CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE SPECIFICITY BY PROTEIN ENGINEERING UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA
... synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol). This activation has two universal consequences: 1) it renders the metabolite (in the form of the CoA ester) impermeant to cell membranes and 2) it sequesters CoA from the limited pools that exist in individual subcellular compartments. As a result, the pool ...
... synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol). This activation has two universal consequences: 1) it renders the metabolite (in the form of the CoA ester) impermeant to cell membranes and 2) it sequesters CoA from the limited pools that exist in individual subcellular compartments. As a result, the pool ...
ribosomal defects in a mutant deficient in the yajl homolog of the
... (Messaoudi et al., 2013). This statistical correction has the advantage to remove intensity-dependent effects in the observed log2(ratio) values and is thus well-adapted to correct systematic bias related to low-intensity measures. As an additional filter, probes with low intensity signals in the ya ...
... (Messaoudi et al., 2013). This statistical correction has the advantage to remove intensity-dependent effects in the observed log2(ratio) values and is thus well-adapted to correct systematic bias related to low-intensity measures. As an additional filter, probes with low intensity signals in the ya ...
Figure 4 - Scientific Research Publishing
... apparatus of muscle fibers. Structure of myofibrils creates contractile function and the function designs structure. The importance of this relationship changes in situations of different functional demands. Striated muscle tissue contains fibers with high oxidative capacity (heart muscle), higher o ...
... apparatus of muscle fibers. Structure of myofibrils creates contractile function and the function designs structure. The importance of this relationship changes in situations of different functional demands. Striated muscle tissue contains fibers with high oxidative capacity (heart muscle), higher o ...
Camp 1 - University of California, Santa Cruz
... • Pyruvate metabolized three ways: • depends on organism & presence/absence of O2 ...
... • Pyruvate metabolized three ways: • depends on organism & presence/absence of O2 ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.