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... mitochondrial membrane). 2. The acyl-carnitine is transported across the membrane to mitochondrial matrix by a specific carrier protein. 3. Carnitine acyl transferase ll (found on the inner surface of inner mitochondrial membrane) converts acyl-carnitine to acyl CoA. 4. The carnitine released return ...
... mitochondrial membrane). 2. The acyl-carnitine is transported across the membrane to mitochondrial matrix by a specific carrier protein. 3. Carnitine acyl transferase ll (found on the inner surface of inner mitochondrial membrane) converts acyl-carnitine to acyl CoA. 4. The carnitine released return ...
Fat Metabolism
... • Transport is rate-limiting • Regulation of carnitine acyl transferase – off by fat synth products – high NADH ...
... • Transport is rate-limiting • Regulation of carnitine acyl transferase – off by fat synth products – high NADH ...
MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF COLLAGEN
... passing through the stage of free hydroxyproline. This has been confirmed by a number of workers (11, 15, 38), and a similar relationship has been found between lysine and hydroxylysine (36). This unique behaviour indicates that hydroxylation occurs either at the stage of an "activated" proline (or ...
... passing through the stage of free hydroxyproline. This has been confirmed by a number of workers (11, 15, 38), and a similar relationship has been found between lysine and hydroxylysine (36). This unique behaviour indicates that hydroxylation occurs either at the stage of an "activated" proline (or ...
Transporters of nucleotide sugars, nucleotide
... al., 1997). These transporters, as well as those for other nucleotide sugars, PAPS and ATP, are required for these nucleotide derivatives to reach to Golgi lumen from the cytosol and serve as substrates in glycosylation, sulfation, and phosphorylation of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids ...
... al., 1997). These transporters, as well as those for other nucleotide sugars, PAPS and ATP, are required for these nucleotide derivatives to reach to Golgi lumen from the cytosol and serve as substrates in glycosylation, sulfation, and phosphorylation of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids ...
Mitochondrial trans-2-Enoyl-CoA Reductase of Wax Ester
... (Mini-Prepcell, Bio-Rad), electrophoresed at 250 V, and proteins were eluted at 100 l/min in buffer G (50 mM Tris, 25 mM borate, pH 8.7, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 M FAD). Fractions of 200 l were collected, fractions with TER activity were dialyzed against buffer H (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaC ...
... (Mini-Prepcell, Bio-Rad), electrophoresed at 250 V, and proteins were eluted at 100 l/min in buffer G (50 mM Tris, 25 mM borate, pH 8.7, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 M FAD). Fractions of 200 l were collected, fractions with TER activity were dialyzed against buffer H (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaC ...
Glycolysis
... Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the cell. Global control is for the benefit of the whole organism, & often involves hormone-activated signal cascades. Liver cells have major roles in metabolism, i ...
... Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the cell. Global control is for the benefit of the whole organism, & often involves hormone-activated signal cascades. Liver cells have major roles in metabolism, i ...
Glycolysis
... NADH is oxidized to NAD+. Lactate, in addition to being an end-product of fermentation, serves as a mobile form of nutrient energy, & possibly as a signal molecule in mammalian organisms. Cell membranes contain carrier proteins that facilitate transport of lactate. ...
... NADH is oxidized to NAD+. Lactate, in addition to being an end-product of fermentation, serves as a mobile form of nutrient energy, & possibly as a signal molecule in mammalian organisms. Cell membranes contain carrier proteins that facilitate transport of lactate. ...
Metabolism of Plasma Membrane Lipids in
... bilayer structure [17, 18], and carries a small partially immobilized head group that is more exposed to the aqueous environment than those of other glycerophospholipids [19]. Although the physiological function of CL is unclear, its physical properties may indicate that it provides a platform for m ...
... bilayer structure [17, 18], and carries a small partially immobilized head group that is more exposed to the aqueous environment than those of other glycerophospholipids [19]. Although the physiological function of CL is unclear, its physical properties may indicate that it provides a platform for m ...
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS
... some common enzymes, but they diverge around the control steps. Major control enzymes are boxed. Signals that turn glycolysis on turn gluconeogenesis off, and vice versa. ...
... some common enzymes, but they diverge around the control steps. Major control enzymes are boxed. Signals that turn glycolysis on turn gluconeogenesis off, and vice versa. ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
... The outer membrane contains large VDAC channels, similar to bacterial porin channels, making the outer membrane leaky to ions & small molecules. ...
... The outer membrane contains large VDAC channels, similar to bacterial porin channels, making the outer membrane leaky to ions & small molecules. ...
respiration_DSE_revi..
... Food are highly reduced Cells tap energy from foods by oxidization Energy are tapped when electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen – Electrons lose potential energy ...
... Food are highly reduced Cells tap energy from foods by oxidization Energy are tapped when electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen – Electrons lose potential energy ...
Chapter 25
... 7. Leptin not only induces synthesis of fatty acid oxidation enzymes and uncoupling protein-2 in adipocytes, but it also causes inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, resulting in a decline in fatty acid biosynthesis. This effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase, as an additional consequence, enhances fatty ...
... 7. Leptin not only induces synthesis of fatty acid oxidation enzymes and uncoupling protein-2 in adipocytes, but it also causes inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, resulting in a decline in fatty acid biosynthesis. This effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase, as an additional consequence, enhances fatty ...
Facultative Anaerobiosis in the Invertebrates: Pathways and Control
... elucidation of an anaerobic energy-yielding pathway of carbohydrate dissimilation which appears to be operative in the anaerobic stages of a number of other invertebrates. This pathway differs in several major respects from those previously described for mammalian and other aerobic tissues. The Asca ...
... elucidation of an anaerobic energy-yielding pathway of carbohydrate dissimilation which appears to be operative in the anaerobic stages of a number of other invertebrates. This pathway differs in several major respects from those previously described for mammalian and other aerobic tissues. The Asca ...
Glycolysis
... Binding of glucose to Hexokinase promotes a large conformational change by stabilizing an alternative conformation in which: the C6 hydroxyl of the bound glucose is close to the terminal phosphate of ATP, promoting catalysis. water is excluded from the active site. This prevents the enzyme from ...
... Binding of glucose to Hexokinase promotes a large conformational change by stabilizing an alternative conformation in which: the C6 hydroxyl of the bound glucose is close to the terminal phosphate of ATP, promoting catalysis. water is excluded from the active site. This prevents the enzyme from ...
Ketone Body Metabolism
... zKetone bodies are used for energy. zKetone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce energy. zThe heart gets much of its energy from ketone bodies, although it also uses a lot of fatty acids ...
... zKetone bodies are used for energy. zKetone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce energy. zThe heart gets much of its energy from ketone bodies, although it also uses a lot of fatty acids ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e
... 6. The majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by— a. the electrons carried by NADH b. the movement of hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzyme c. substrate-level phosphorylation d. autophosphorylation The correct answer is b— A. Answer a is incorrect. Electrons are assoc ...
... 6. The majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by— a. the electrons carried by NADH b. the movement of hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzyme c. substrate-level phosphorylation d. autophosphorylation The correct answer is b— A. Answer a is incorrect. Electrons are assoc ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e Chapter 7 – Answers 1. An autotroph is
... 6. The majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by— a. the electrons carried by NADH b. the movement of hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzyme c. substrate-level phosphorylation d. autophosphorylation The correct answer is b— A. Answer a is incorrect. Electrons are assoc ...
... 6. The majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by— a. the electrons carried by NADH b. the movement of hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzyme c. substrate-level phosphorylation d. autophosphorylation The correct answer is b— A. Answer a is incorrect. Electrons are assoc ...
Regulation of intermediary metabolism by protein acetylation
... an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form e-N-acetyl lysine. Although first discovered as enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine residues on histones and thus so-named, recent recommendations suggest renaming them as lysine-acetyltransferases (KATs) to reflect their broad function in regulating a gre ...
... an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form e-N-acetyl lysine. Although first discovered as enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine residues on histones and thus so-named, recent recommendations suggest renaming them as lysine-acetyltransferases (KATs) to reflect their broad function in regulating a gre ...
Role of Krebs Cycle in the Mechanism of Stability Internal Medium
... offered method prevention supplementary metastasis in processes of up-to-date chemotherapy and was described practical application of this method treatment on the cancer disease patient. ...
... offered method prevention supplementary metastasis in processes of up-to-date chemotherapy and was described practical application of this method treatment on the cancer disease patient. ...
Biochemistry - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... So now we have to go on in our further steps. This is the part (Refer Slide Time: 15:00) where we have the dithiol that undergoes oxidation and reduction. One important thing of this is this dithiol reacts with the lipoic acid with the lysine of the…Where is this lysine? It is present in E2 and thi ...
... So now we have to go on in our further steps. This is the part (Refer Slide Time: 15:00) where we have the dithiol that undergoes oxidation and reduction. One important thing of this is this dithiol reacts with the lipoic acid with the lysine of the…Where is this lysine? It is present in E2 and thi ...
Multilevel functional and structural defects induced by two
... (elongation factor thermo unstable)]. Systematic investigations of the structure and function of hmtRNAs can help to elucidate their pathogenic effects, provide information on the treatment of mitochondrial diseases, and potentially facilitate the development of diagnostic tools and therapies for th ...
... (elongation factor thermo unstable)]. Systematic investigations of the structure and function of hmtRNAs can help to elucidate their pathogenic effects, provide information on the treatment of mitochondrial diseases, and potentially facilitate the development of diagnostic tools and therapies for th ...
Variability of Wax Ester Fermentation in Natural and Bleached
... In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate stemming from glycolysis in Euglena is reduced to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate:NADP1 oxidoreductase (PNO), an oxygen-sensitive enzyme (Inui et al. 1987; Rotte et al. 2001) that also was recently found in the anaerobic protist Blastocystis (Lantsman et al. 2008). The ...
... In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvate stemming from glycolysis in Euglena is reduced to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate:NADP1 oxidoreductase (PNO), an oxygen-sensitive enzyme (Inui et al. 1987; Rotte et al. 2001) that also was recently found in the anaerobic protist Blastocystis (Lantsman et al. 2008). The ...
2. Lect. Urea cycle
... For example, the malate can be transported into the mitochondria via the malate shuttle, reenter the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and get oxidized to oxaloacetate (OAA), which can be used for gluconeogenesis . Alternatively, the OAA can be converted to aspartate via transamination , and can enter the ...
... For example, the malate can be transported into the mitochondria via the malate shuttle, reenter the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and get oxidized to oxaloacetate (OAA), which can be used for gluconeogenesis . Alternatively, the OAA can be converted to aspartate via transamination , and can enter the ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.