Lipid Breakdown - Rose
... The reactions involved in the actual breakdown of free fatty acids occur in the mitochondria. While short chain fatty acids (10 to 12 carbons or shorter) can enter the mitochondria by diffusion, long chain fatty acids require activation and translocation. Activation of fatty acids The enzyme acyl-Co ...
... The reactions involved in the actual breakdown of free fatty acids occur in the mitochondria. While short chain fatty acids (10 to 12 carbons or shorter) can enter the mitochondria by diffusion, long chain fatty acids require activation and translocation. Activation of fatty acids The enzyme acyl-Co ...
Analysis of the Role of Mitochondria of Sake in Fermentation Technologies
... Mitochondrion is an organelle necessary for oxidative respiration. During industrial fermentation, brewery yeasts are exposed to long periods of hypoxia; however, the structure, role, and metabolism of mitochondria of brewery yeast during hypoxia have not been studied in detail. Our recent studies, ...
... Mitochondrion is an organelle necessary for oxidative respiration. During industrial fermentation, brewery yeasts are exposed to long periods of hypoxia; however, the structure, role, and metabolism of mitochondria of brewery yeast during hypoxia have not been studied in detail. Our recent studies, ...
Ecological speciation model
... Heterofermentative organisms use a pathway with a greater number of redox reactions than Streptococcus. Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofact ...
... Heterofermentative organisms use a pathway with a greater number of redox reactions than Streptococcus. Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofact ...
Metabolism (degradation) of triacylglycerols and fatty acids
... – in membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum • For FAs with a short and medium chain • In the matrix of mitochondria ...
... – in membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum • For FAs with a short and medium chain • In the matrix of mitochondria ...
2. Molecular Biology – 2.8 Cell Respiration Name: Understandings
... 17. Bioethanol is ethanol produced by living organisms, for use as a renewable energy source. It can be used as a fuel in vehicles, sometimes in a pure state and sometimes mixed with gasoline (petrol). Describe how bioethanol can be produced from plant material with reference to the function of yeas ...
... 17. Bioethanol is ethanol produced by living organisms, for use as a renewable energy source. It can be used as a fuel in vehicles, sometimes in a pure state and sometimes mixed with gasoline (petrol). Describe how bioethanol can be produced from plant material with reference to the function of yeas ...
Lecture 9: Citric Acid Cycle/Fatty Acid Catabolism
... Acyl-CoAs are transported into the mitochondria for oxidation Acyl-CoA is made in the cytosol of the cell, but the actual degradation of fatty acids occurs in the interior of the mitochondria (one of the major discoveries of Albert Lehninger). How does it get there then? ● The mitochondrial membrane ...
... Acyl-CoAs are transported into the mitochondria for oxidation Acyl-CoA is made in the cytosol of the cell, but the actual degradation of fatty acids occurs in the interior of the mitochondria (one of the major discoveries of Albert Lehninger). How does it get there then? ● The mitochondrial membrane ...
ATP
... The series of carriers is called the respiratory chain. The carriers include: NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD (Flavine adenine dinucleotide, coenzyme Q and iron-containing proteins (cytochromes) Oxidative phosphorylation: generation of ATP by H atoms in an electron transport system in ...
... The series of carriers is called the respiratory chain. The carriers include: NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD (Flavine adenine dinucleotide, coenzyme Q and iron-containing proteins (cytochromes) Oxidative phosphorylation: generation of ATP by H atoms in an electron transport system in ...
Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine
... about 30 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose.[22] ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes; the three main pathways used to generate energy in eukaryotic organisms are glycolysis and the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, both components ofcellular resp ...
... about 30 molecules of ATP from a single molecule of glucose.[22] ATP can be produced by a number of distinct cellular processes; the three main pathways used to generate energy in eukaryotic organisms are glycolysis and the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, both components ofcellular resp ...
What do you know about Cellular Respiration?
... 1. Glycolysis (color-coded teal) glucose to pyruvate 2. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle (color-coded salmon) completes glucose breakdown 3. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis (color-coded violet) Most ATP synthesis ...
... 1. Glycolysis (color-coded teal) glucose to pyruvate 2. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle (color-coded salmon) completes glucose breakdown 3. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis (color-coded violet) Most ATP synthesis ...
Chem 32 Solutions to Section 15.4 – 15.6 Homework Problems
... 15.78 Only pathway “c” produces energy that can be harnessed to make ATP. Pathway “a” does not produce or consume a significant amount of energy. Pathway “b” is an activation step, and consumes energy (the body breaks down ATP in this step). 15.86 The starting materials of the citric acid cycle are ...
... 15.78 Only pathway “c” produces energy that can be harnessed to make ATP. Pathway “a” does not produce or consume a significant amount of energy. Pathway “b” is an activation step, and consumes energy (the body breaks down ATP in this step). 15.86 The starting materials of the citric acid cycle are ...
Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry) Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... A) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. B) Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. C) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate ...
... A) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. B) Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. C) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate ...
Growing Membranes, Sustaining Cells
... Not all pathways are neatly organized within one individual compartment and connected by transporters to other pathways. Instead, some pathways operate across two or more compartments. In other words, some pathways are segmented into pieces operating in different compartments in eukaryotic cells, wh ...
... Not all pathways are neatly organized within one individual compartment and connected by transporters to other pathways. Instead, some pathways operate across two or more compartments. In other words, some pathways are segmented into pieces operating in different compartments in eukaryotic cells, wh ...
Fed State Insulin Insulin Fasted State/ Starvation
... Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase ...
... Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase ...
NIH Public Access - IIS Windows Server
... The molecular era of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies began in 1988 with the identification of the first mtDNA mutations.3,4 Since then, over 260 pathogenic mutations and 120 large-scale rearrangements (single mtDNA deletions) have been identified in the mtDNA molecule (Figure 2), together with man ...
... The molecular era of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies began in 1988 with the identification of the first mtDNA mutations.3,4 Since then, over 260 pathogenic mutations and 120 large-scale rearrangements (single mtDNA deletions) have been identified in the mtDNA molecule (Figure 2), together with man ...
Cellular Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
Glycolysis
... The NADH produced from glycolysis must be continuously reoxidized back to NAD+ to provide an electron acceptor for the glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase reaction. If NADH is not reoxidized to NAD+ glycolysis will stop due to the shortage of NAD+ Without oxidation of this NADH, glycolysis cannot conti ...
... The NADH produced from glycolysis must be continuously reoxidized back to NAD+ to provide an electron acceptor for the glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase reaction. If NADH is not reoxidized to NAD+ glycolysis will stop due to the shortage of NAD+ Without oxidation of this NADH, glycolysis cannot conti ...
ppt
... • The Krebs's cycle only gives us two molecules of ATP. Added with the two molecules of ATP made in Glycolysis, the total is now a meager four molecules of ATP. •The remainder of the ATPs come from the Electron Transport System, which takes the electrons produced in the Krebs's cycle and makes ATP. ...
... • The Krebs's cycle only gives us two molecules of ATP. Added with the two molecules of ATP made in Glycolysis, the total is now a meager four molecules of ATP. •The remainder of the ATPs come from the Electron Transport System, which takes the electrons produced in the Krebs's cycle and makes ATP. ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Notes
... transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction • O2 pulls electrons down the chain in an energyyielding tumble • The energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction • O2 pulls electrons down the chain in an energyyielding tumble • The energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet • Put oils between the leaflets as they are made • Add oleosin proteins to outside: curve the membrane ...
... Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet • Put oils between the leaflets as they are made • Add oleosin proteins to outside: curve the membrane ...
CHAPTER 26: Lipid Metabolism - Richest energy source
... dihydroxyacetone phosphate (enters glycolysis halfway in) Æ pyruvate Æ ...
... dihydroxyacetone phosphate (enters glycolysis halfway in) Æ pyruvate Æ ...
CHAPTER 26: Lipid Metabolism
... dihydroxyacetone phosphate (enters glycolysis halfway in) pyruvate ...
... dihydroxyacetone phosphate (enters glycolysis halfway in) pyruvate ...
AP Biology Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Guided Notes
... in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes ...
... in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.