Chapter 1
... • Fatty acids are degraded into 2-carbon fragments in a process called b-oxidation • Step 1 of b-oxidation : Activation • Steps 2 – 5 are a set of four reactions with a basic outline similar to the last four reactions of the citric acid cycle – Each pass through the cycle releases acetyl CoA and ret ...
... • Fatty acids are degraded into 2-carbon fragments in a process called b-oxidation • Step 1 of b-oxidation : Activation • Steps 2 – 5 are a set of four reactions with a basic outline similar to the last four reactions of the citric acid cycle – Each pass through the cycle releases acetyl CoA and ret ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... You can think of the complete oxidation of glucose via cellular respiration as a set of four interconnected processes that together convert the chemical energy in glucose to chemical energy in ATP. Each of the four processes consists of a distinctive starting molecule, a series of chemical reactions ...
... You can think of the complete oxidation of glucose via cellular respiration as a set of four interconnected processes that together convert the chemical energy in glucose to chemical energy in ATP. Each of the four processes consists of a distinctive starting molecule, a series of chemical reactions ...
Chapter 3 Part 1
... • 3-8 Describe the stages of the cell life cycle, including mitosis, interphase, and cytokinesis, and explain their significance. • 3-9 Discuss the regulation of the cell life cycle. • 3-10 Discuss the relationship between cell division and cancer. • 3-11 Define differentiation, and explain its ...
... • 3-8 Describe the stages of the cell life cycle, including mitosis, interphase, and cytokinesis, and explain their significance. • 3-9 Discuss the regulation of the cell life cycle. • 3-10 Discuss the relationship between cell division and cancer. • 3-11 Define differentiation, and explain its ...
Ch. 9
... The enzymatic activities of the TCA cycle (and of oxidative phosphorylation) are located in the mitochondrion. When transported into the mitochondrion, pyruvate encounters two principal metabolizing enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase (a gluconeogenic enzyme) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the first e ...
... The enzymatic activities of the TCA cycle (and of oxidative phosphorylation) are located in the mitochondrion. When transported into the mitochondrion, pyruvate encounters two principal metabolizing enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase (a gluconeogenic enzyme) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the first e ...
Note - EtoosIndia
... FADH2 enters the electron system to form 2 ATP. DHAP gets transferred to cytosol. In the presence of this shuttle, 36 ATP are produced from one glucose molecule. (2 Glycolytic NADH2 = 4 ATP) ...
... FADH2 enters the electron system to form 2 ATP. DHAP gets transferred to cytosol. In the presence of this shuttle, 36 ATP are produced from one glucose molecule. (2 Glycolytic NADH2 = 4 ATP) ...
Being right on Q: shaping eukaryotic evolution
... gained the ability to combine catabolic pathways with highly efficient ATP generation using the respiratory chain and ATP synthase (i.e. oxidative phosphorylation [1]). The endosymbiont presumably used amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids (FAs) as energy sources, breaking them down with pathways su ...
... gained the ability to combine catabolic pathways with highly efficient ATP generation using the respiratory chain and ATP synthase (i.e. oxidative phosphorylation [1]). The endosymbiont presumably used amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids (FAs) as energy sources, breaking them down with pathways su ...
Alpha and beta subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1
... electron transport chains and oxidative phosphorylation [3]. Although a variety of enzyme activities have been characterised, little is known about exactly how central metabolism occurs except that it is likely simplified and reduced [3]. It is also likely that microsporidian anabolic metabolism is ...
... electron transport chains and oxidative phosphorylation [3]. Although a variety of enzyme activities have been characterised, little is known about exactly how central metabolism occurs except that it is likely simplified and reduced [3]. It is also likely that microsporidian anabolic metabolism is ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
... succinate instead of 2CO2 (as occurs in the Citric acid cycle). •Succinate can be transported to mitochondria and enter the Citric acid cycle, or it can be transported to the cytosol where it is trans-formed to oxaloacetate and enters the gluconeogenesis ...
... succinate instead of 2CO2 (as occurs in the Citric acid cycle). •Succinate can be transported to mitochondria and enter the Citric acid cycle, or it can be transported to the cytosol where it is trans-formed to oxaloacetate and enters the gluconeogenesis ...
PRACTICE SET 6 - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... Animals can not catalyze the net conversion of acetyl-CoA to glucose because when they metabolize acetyl CoA to form the precursor for gluconeogenesis (malate that leaves the mitochondria to be oxidized to OAA and then OAA to be decarboxylated to PEP), two carbons are lost as CO2 in the two decarbox ...
... Animals can not catalyze the net conversion of acetyl-CoA to glucose because when they metabolize acetyl CoA to form the precursor for gluconeogenesis (malate that leaves the mitochondria to be oxidized to OAA and then OAA to be decarboxylated to PEP), two carbons are lost as CO2 in the two decarbox ...
Microbial Metabolism Lecture 4
... you these examples. Aerobic cellular respiration, again, as a final electron acceptor, uses oxygen; it has to have oxygen. We’re gonna see that it’s gonna generate ATP through the process of substrate level phosphorylation. It’s also gonna generate ATP through the processes of oxidative phosphorylat ...
... you these examples. Aerobic cellular respiration, again, as a final electron acceptor, uses oxygen; it has to have oxygen. We’re gonna see that it’s gonna generate ATP through the process of substrate level phosphorylation. It’s also gonna generate ATP through the processes of oxidative phosphorylat ...
NVC Bio 120 lect 9 cell respiration
... and harvest chemical energy of food In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration Cellular respirati ...
... and harvest chemical energy of food In all three, NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration Cellular respirati ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multi-protein complexes The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons Electrons drop in free energy as the ...
... The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multi-protein complexes The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons Electrons drop in free energy as the ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis and the catabolism of hexoses
... first 5 are preparatory, breaking glucose into 3C units Cost 2 ATP to phosphorylate the sugar in the process last 5 are energy yielding 1 NADH and 2 ATP are formed from each 3C unit thus overall cost is -2ATP +2 NADH + 4 ATP For a net of 2NADH and 2 ATP/1glucose62 pyruvate depending on organism and ...
... first 5 are preparatory, breaking glucose into 3C units Cost 2 ATP to phosphorylate the sugar in the process last 5 are energy yielding 1 NADH and 2 ATP are formed from each 3C unit thus overall cost is -2ATP +2 NADH + 4 ATP For a net of 2NADH and 2 ATP/1glucose62 pyruvate depending on organism and ...
... carbohydrate, protein and fat to maintain blood glucose and energy homeostasis. Mitochondria serve as the cellular powerhouse that generates ATP or heat by using substrates derived from fat and glucose. Hepatocytes are normally rich in mitochondria and each hepatocyte contains about 800 mitochondria ...
Student notes in ppt
... Carnitine acyltransferase I is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and replaces CoA with carnitine to form fatty acyl carnitine which is translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The carnitine translocating protein is an antiporter that exchanges a fatty acyl carnitine molecule f ...
... Carnitine acyltransferase I is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and replaces CoA with carnitine to form fatty acyl carnitine which is translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The carnitine translocating protein is an antiporter that exchanges a fatty acyl carnitine molecule f ...
video slide
... Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 The electron transport chain generates no ATP The chain’s function is to break the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
... Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 The electron transport chain generates no ATP The chain’s function is to break the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts ...
Lecture 36
... Fatty acid synthase - this large multi-functional enzyme is responsible for catalyzing a series of reactions that sequentially adds C2 units to a growing fatty acid chain covalently attached to the enzyme complex. The mechanism involves the linking malonyl-CoA to an acyl carrier protein, followed by ...
... Fatty acid synthase - this large multi-functional enzyme is responsible for catalyzing a series of reactions that sequentially adds C2 units to a growing fatty acid chain covalently attached to the enzyme complex. The mechanism involves the linking malonyl-CoA to an acyl carrier protein, followed by ...
Document
... insulin does not enter cells—it (like glucagon) binds to its receptor and various signals are transmitted into the cell (i.e., signal transduction), which results in various responses (induction of genes; stimulation of enzymes; translocation of GLUT4); some of these responses occur in all cells, so ...
... insulin does not enter cells—it (like glucagon) binds to its receptor and various signals are transmitted into the cell (i.e., signal transduction), which results in various responses (induction of genes; stimulation of enzymes; translocation of GLUT4); some of these responses occur in all cells, so ...
O 2
... only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
... only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
CHAPTER 6
... decarboxylated to acetate and then degraded to CO2 in TCA cycle • Some ATP is produced • More NADH and FADH2 are made (24 electrons) • NADH and FADH2 go on to make more ATP in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation (chapter20) ...
... decarboxylated to acetate and then degraded to CO2 in TCA cycle • Some ATP is produced • More NADH and FADH2 are made (24 electrons) • NADH and FADH2 go on to make more ATP in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation (chapter20) ...
Sample lab - eScience Labs
... 1. In this experiment, you will mix yeast with sugar, Equal, and Splenda. Before you begin, develop a hypothesis predicting what will happen when the sugar/sweeteners are mixed with yeast. Example, will fermentation occur? Why or why not? Record your hypothesis in the Post-Lab Questions section. 2. ...
... 1. In this experiment, you will mix yeast with sugar, Equal, and Splenda. Before you begin, develop a hypothesis predicting what will happen when the sugar/sweeteners are mixed with yeast. Example, will fermentation occur? Why or why not? Record your hypothesis in the Post-Lab Questions section. 2. ...
- 1 - MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY: ESSAY OUTLINE What are
... - Formed from new at the ER but can self replicate once formed [ref 7] • Comparison with other structures: 1. MITOCHONDRIA • Shape and size - Oblong - 0.5µm – 1µm [ref 1] • Membrane - outer membrane – consists of transport proteins (porin), can import small intact proteins [ref 1] - inner folded mem ...
... - Formed from new at the ER but can self replicate once formed [ref 7] • Comparison with other structures: 1. MITOCHONDRIA • Shape and size - Oblong - 0.5µm – 1µm [ref 1] • Membrane - outer membrane – consists of transport proteins (porin), can import small intact proteins [ref 1] - inner folded mem ...
video slide
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation – In the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 lose energy in several steps ...
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation – In the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 lose energy in several steps ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.