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Glycolysis and Anaerobic Respiration Lecture Notes
Glycolysis and Anaerobic Respiration Lecture Notes

... • The products of glycolysis can be further broken down without the use of oxygen through additional biochemical pathways that occur in the cytosol. • The combination of glycolysis pulse these additional pathways is called fermentation. • Fermentation does not produce any additional ATP but it does ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is only abou ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

... • ACP: Recall that CoA is used as an activator for βoxidation. For fatty acid biosynthesis, the activator is a protein called the acyl carrier protein (ACP). It is part of the FAS complex. The acyl groups get anchored to the CoA group of ACP by a thioester linkage • Condensing enzyme/β-ketoacyl synt ...
TCA cycle cross products (also known as “nothing is simple” My
TCA cycle cross products (also known as “nothing is simple” My

... enzymes that allow the cycle to run in reverse: ATP citrate lyase, 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and fumarate reductase. 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzes the carboxylation of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, ATP citrate lyase the ATP-dependent cleavage of citrate to acet ...
This article is dedicated to Professor AL
This article is dedicated to Professor AL

... and intolerant plants (Smith and Ap Rees, 1979; Davies, 1980). Direct measurements of molecular oxygen translocated from above-ground organs into roots of tolerant and non-tolerant species demonstrated that in contrast to nontolerant species, ¯ooding-tolerant species transported suf®cient oxygen int ...
File
File

... iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Visualization of ATP levels inside single living cells with
Visualization of ATP levels inside single living cells with

... emission ratio of 527/475 nm) upon the addition of ATP in vitro (Fig. 2B). The dissociation constant (Kd) of AT1.03 was determined as 3.3 mM at 37 °C from plots of the emission ratio against ATP concentration (here after [ATP]) (Fig. 2C). Thus, AT1.03 can be used for measuring intracellular ATP leve ...
Citric acid cycle
Citric acid cycle

... • Before the citric acid cycle can begin – Pyruvate must first be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis – Fully oxidized carboxyl group is removed as a CO2 – The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized to acetate. The extracted electrons are transferred to NAD+, forming NAD ...
Metabolic changes in the glucose-induced apoptotic blastocyst
Metabolic changes in the glucose-induced apoptotic blastocyst

... the site of apoptosis initiation in response to growth factor withdrawal(25-27). These apoptotic effects are believed to be due to metabolic alterations linked to changes in glycolysis, as seen here with the blastocysts undergoing alterations in response to high glucose conditions. Data from this st ...
video slide - Ionia Public Schools
video slide - Ionia Public Schools

... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Document
Document

... • Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that they can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration • In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes ...
Melatonin, mitochondria, and Ca2+ homeostasis in the exocrine
Melatonin, mitochondria, and Ca2+ homeostasis in the exocrine

... of the gland. Upon activation of the digestive enzymes, inflammation can occur (Sah et al., 2013). A considerable body of evidence indicates that the primary event initiating the disease process is the excessive release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, followed by excessive entry of the ion from t ...
The urea cycle
The urea cycle

... The urea cycle consists of five reactions: two mitochondrial and three cytosolic. The cycle converts two amino groups, one from NH4+ and one from Asp, and a carbon atom from HCO3−, to the relatively nontoxic excretion product urea at the cost of four "high-energy" phosphate bonds (3 ATP hydrolyzed t ...
1 Excess of free fatty acids as a cause of metabolic
1 Excess of free fatty acids as a cause of metabolic

... The adipose tissue plays an important role in buffering the flux of dietary fat into the circulation in the postprandial period by suppressing the release of free fatty acids (FFA) into circulation and by increasing plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) clearance (Fig. 1). This buffering action limits an abn ...
V6-SecondaryStructur.. - Chair of Computational Biology
V6-SecondaryStructur.. - Chair of Computational Biology

... Using low-resolution experiments, e.g. gene fusion, is no work around. Low-resolution experiments differ from high-resolution structures almost as much as prediction methods. (2) All methods optimise some parameters. Methods perform much better on proteins for which they were developed than on new p ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Carbohydrate Metabolism

... B. It is activated by chloride ions (cl-). C. It acts on cooked starch and glycogen breaking α 1-4 bonds, converting them into maltose [a disaccharide containing two glucose molecules attached by α 1-4 linkage]. This bond is not attacked by -amylase. Because both starch and glycogen also contain 1-6 ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis

... Glycolysis  Breaking down glucose ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis

... Glycolysis  Breaking down glucose ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis

... Glycolysis  Breaking down glucose ...
A Contribution of the Mitochondrial
A Contribution of the Mitochondrial

... 1986). IF! also protects against cold inactivation of soluble Fj ATPase (H orstm an and Racker, 1970), but it has not been established its role in increas­ ing the thermal stability when it is bound to the Fi-ATPase complex. In this work, we study the role of the ATPase inhibitor protein as a therm ...
5. TCA Cycle
5. TCA Cycle

... Looking back at glycolysis  Glucose + 2Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O ...
Test 1 Study Guide
Test 1 Study Guide

... iii. Example: Na-K pump – a bi-directional pump that uses ATP. (movie) c. Endocytosis – membrane envaginates to form a vesicle. Phagocytosis is when large particles are taken in. d. Exocytosis – opposite of endocytosis. ii. Cytoplasm – stuff inside cell membrane (80% water) iii. Nucleoid – holds DNA ...
Test 1 Study Guide  Chapter  1 – Introduction
Test 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 – Introduction

... iii. Example: Na-K pump – a bi-directional pump that uses ATP. (movie) c. Endocytosis – membrane envaginates to form a vesicle. Phagocytosis is when large particles are taken in. d. Exocytosis – opposite of endocytosis. ii. Cytoplasm – stuff inside cell membrane (80% water) iii. Nucleoid – holds DNA ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis

... for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived  no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction  only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose  more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis

... for 1 billon years+ this is how life on Earth survived  no O2= slow growth, slow reproduction  only harvest 3.5% of energy stored in glucose  more carbons to strip off = more energy to harvest ...
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Mitochondrion



The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.
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