Citrate Cycle Supplemental Reading Key Concepts
... every 2 NADH molecules that are reoxidized in the electron transport chain, there is a production of ~5 molecules of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (~2.5 ATP/ NADH). Oxidation of 2 FADH2 molecules by the electron transport chain results in only ~3 molecules of ATP (~1.5 ATP/FADH2) because of diffe ...
... every 2 NADH molecules that are reoxidized in the electron transport chain, there is a production of ~5 molecules of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (~2.5 ATP/ NADH). Oxidation of 2 FADH2 molecules by the electron transport chain results in only ~3 molecules of ATP (~1.5 ATP/FADH2) because of diffe ...
Chapter 11
... and respiration. Photosynthesis removes hydrogen from water and adds it to carbon; thus, carbon is reduced, or fixed, during photosynthesis, an anabolic pathway. Cellular respiration removes hydrogen from carbon and adds it to oxygen, forming water; thus, carbon is oxidized during respiration, a cat ...
... and respiration. Photosynthesis removes hydrogen from water and adds it to carbon; thus, carbon is reduced, or fixed, during photosynthesis, an anabolic pathway. Cellular respiration removes hydrogen from carbon and adds it to oxygen, forming water; thus, carbon is oxidized during respiration, a cat ...
BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL ATPase Studies on
... Studies on mitochondrial ATPase in the field of oxidative phosphorylation and studies on the biogenesis and genetics of mitochondria have converged in the last few years. It is now well established that mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial protein synthesis play an essential role in the formation of ...
... Studies on mitochondrial ATPase in the field of oxidative phosphorylation and studies on the biogenesis and genetics of mitochondria have converged in the last few years. It is now well established that mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial protein synthesis play an essential role in the formation of ...
No Slide Title
... F2,6-BP Formed by phosphorylation of F6-P, catalyzed by PFK-2 Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to si ...
... F2,6-BP Formed by phosphorylation of F6-P, catalyzed by PFK-2 Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to si ...
Gluconeogenesis - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
... F2,6-BP Formed by phosphorylation of F6-P, catalyzed by PFK-2 Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to si ...
... F2,6-BP Formed by phosphorylation of F6-P, catalyzed by PFK-2 Broken down by FBPase-2 PFK-2 and FBPase-2 are two distinct enzyme activities on 1 protein Balance of the 2 activities in the liver, which determines cellular level of F2,6BP, is regulated by glucagon Glucagon - released by pancreas to si ...
K - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
... (1 ATP, 1 GTP)—these first two reactions are that expensive! ...
... (1 ATP, 1 GTP)—these first two reactions are that expensive! ...
Role of the cytoskeleton in communication between L
... essential for the maintenance of cardiac excitation and contraction and mitochondrial ATP production. There is increasing evidence suggesting a role for the cytoskeleton in modulating both L-type Ca2+ channel activity and mitochondrial function. This article presents evidence that in addition to med ...
... essential for the maintenance of cardiac excitation and contraction and mitochondrial ATP production. There is increasing evidence suggesting a role for the cytoskeleton in modulating both L-type Ca2+ channel activity and mitochondrial function. This article presents evidence that in addition to med ...
H - IS MU
... Acyl-CoA itself cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane; instead, acyl groups are transferred to carnitine, transported across the membrane as acylcarnitine, and transferred back to CoA within the mitochondrial matrix. Short-chain fatty acids (4 – 10 carbon atoms) do not require the carnitine ...
... Acyl-CoA itself cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane; instead, acyl groups are transferred to carnitine, transported across the membrane as acylcarnitine, and transferred back to CoA within the mitochondrial matrix. Short-chain fatty acids (4 – 10 carbon atoms) do not require the carnitine ...
glucose
... • Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose-6phosphate - it occurs when high levels of glucose-6-phosphate are formed in the first reaction of glycolysis - it does not operate when glycogen stores are full, which means that additional glucose is converted to body fat ...
... • Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose-6phosphate - it occurs when high levels of glucose-6-phosphate are formed in the first reaction of glycolysis - it does not operate when glycogen stores are full, which means that additional glucose is converted to body fat ...
ENERGY-PRODUCING ABILITY OF BACTERIA
... ratio of NADP+/NADPH is a critical modulatory process. This electron transfer mechanism is used as a common means of producing ATP through photophosphorylation. Once the amount of NADPH exceeds the level of NADP+, normal ATP production is often slow down or halted. NADP+ must be available as a reduc ...
... ratio of NADP+/NADPH is a critical modulatory process. This electron transfer mechanism is used as a common means of producing ATP through photophosphorylation. Once the amount of NADPH exceeds the level of NADP+, normal ATP production is often slow down or halted. NADP+ must be available as a reduc ...
Ecological speciation model
... Simpson, J. M. et. al. (2004). Assessment of equine fecal contamination: the search for alternative bacterial source-tracking targets. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. V 47 p. 65-75. Dick, L. K., et. al. (2005). Host distributions of uncultivated fecal Bacteriodes bacteria reveal genetic markers for fecal sour ...
... Simpson, J. M. et. al. (2004). Assessment of equine fecal contamination: the search for alternative bacterial source-tracking targets. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. V 47 p. 65-75. Dick, L. K., et. al. (2005). Host distributions of uncultivated fecal Bacteriodes bacteria reveal genetic markers for fecal sour ...
video slide - Biology at Mott
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
... • Electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from f ...
Chapter 9: Pathways that Harvest Chemical
... chemical fuel is the sugar glucose (C6H12O6). Other molecules, including other carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, can also supply energy. However, to release their energy they must be converted into glucose or intermediate compounds that can enter into the various pathways of glucose metabolism. In ...
... chemical fuel is the sugar glucose (C6H12O6). Other molecules, including other carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, can also supply energy. However, to release their energy they must be converted into glucose or intermediate compounds that can enter into the various pathways of glucose metabolism. In ...
GLUCONEOGENESIS
... Lactate produced from pyruvate passes via the blood to the liver, where it may be converted to glucose. The glucose may travel back to the muscle to fuel ...
... Lactate produced from pyruvate passes via the blood to the liver, where it may be converted to glucose. The glucose may travel back to the muscle to fuel ...
Chapter 6
... – This cycle begins when acetate from acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form the 6carbon molecule citrate (or citric acid). – Ultimately, the oxaloacetate is recycled and the acetate is broken down to CO2. – Each cycle produces one ATP by substratelevel phosphorylation, three NADH, and one FA ...
... – This cycle begins when acetate from acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form the 6carbon molecule citrate (or citric acid). – Ultimately, the oxaloacetate is recycled and the acetate is broken down to CO2. – Each cycle produces one ATP by substratelevel phosphorylation, three NADH, and one FA ...
Document
... DNP can easily permeate the mitochondrial inner membrane Outside the mitochondrion, where the H+ concentration is high, DNP picks up a proton After diffusing inside, where the H+ concentration low, it gives up the proton. So it ferries protons from regions of high concentration to regions of low con ...
... DNP can easily permeate the mitochondrial inner membrane Outside the mitochondrion, where the H+ concentration is high, DNP picks up a proton After diffusing inside, where the H+ concentration low, it gives up the proton. So it ferries protons from regions of high concentration to regions of low con ...
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... anaerobic microorganisms. – In human metabolism, those two ATPs play a critical role by furnishing energy when cellular supplies of oxygen are insufficient for complete oxidation of pyruvate. – During vigorous exercise, there is a shift to lactate production as a means for producing ATP; the buildup ...
... anaerobic microorganisms. – In human metabolism, those two ATPs play a critical role by furnishing energy when cellular supplies of oxygen are insufficient for complete oxidation of pyruvate. – During vigorous exercise, there is a shift to lactate production as a means for producing ATP; the buildup ...
Excess of Free Fatty Acids as a Cause of Metabolic
... muscle can be incorporated into intramyocellular TAG (IMTG) or oxidized in mitochondria. Excess FFA can then be converted to active lipid metabolites, such as ceramide and diacylglycerol (DAG). Oversupply of FFA drives an adaptive increase in mitochondrial β-oxidation, which, without an increase in ...
... muscle can be incorporated into intramyocellular TAG (IMTG) or oxidized in mitochondria. Excess FFA can then be converted to active lipid metabolites, such as ceramide and diacylglycerol (DAG). Oversupply of FFA drives an adaptive increase in mitochondrial β-oxidation, which, without an increase in ...
CHAPTER 6
... (a) The structure of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This complex consists of three enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (TA), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD). (i) 24 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase subunits form a cubic core structure. (ii) 24 αβ dimers of pyru ...
... (a) The structure of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This complex consists of three enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (TA), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD). (i) 24 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase subunits form a cubic core structure. (ii) 24 αβ dimers of pyru ...
What Is the Chemical Logic of the TCA Cycle?
... (a) The structure of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This complex consists of three enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (TA), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD). (i) 24 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase subunits form a cubic core structure. (ii) 24 dimers of pyr ...
... (a) The structure of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This complex consists of three enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (TA), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD). (i) 24 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase subunits form a cubic core structure. (ii) 24 dimers of pyr ...
Beneficial effects of L-arginine on reducing obesity
... glycogenin, protein phosphatase 1B, caspases 1 and 2, and hepatic lipase, but increased expression of PPARc, heme oxygenase 3, glutathione synthetase, insulin-like growth factor II, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, and stressinduced protein. Biochemical analysis revealed that Arg supplementation pr ...
... glycogenin, protein phosphatase 1B, caspases 1 and 2, and hepatic lipase, but increased expression of PPARc, heme oxygenase 3, glutathione synthetase, insulin-like growth factor II, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, and stressinduced protein. Biochemical analysis revealed that Arg supplementation pr ...
Fatty acids: Review
... catalyzing a series of reactions that sequentially adds C2 units to a growing fatty acid chain covalently attached to the enzyme complex. The mechanism involves the linking malonyl-CoA to an acyl carrier protein, followed by a decarboxylation and condensation reaction that extends the hydrocarbon ch ...
... catalyzing a series of reactions that sequentially adds C2 units to a growing fatty acid chain covalently attached to the enzyme complex. The mechanism involves the linking malonyl-CoA to an acyl carrier protein, followed by a decarboxylation and condensation reaction that extends the hydrocarbon ch ...
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, i.e. ""thread"", and χονδρίον, chondrion, i.e. ""granule"" or ""grain-like"".Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 μm in diameter. A considerable variation can be seen in the structure and size of this organelle. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. These structures are described as ""the powerhouse of the cell"" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. A recent University of California study including ten children diagnosed with severe autism suggests that autism may be correlated with mitochondrial defects as well.Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism, tissue, and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix. Mitochondrial proteins vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Further, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.