2020: The Climate Turning Point
... GW and was roughly equal to the new capacity in coal and gas15. Even more positively, over the last seven years alone, solar PV costs have come down 85%, meaning it already outcompetes fossil fuel generation capacity in many regions of the world16. The International Energy Agency (IEA) calculates th ...
... GW and was roughly equal to the new capacity in coal and gas15. Even more positively, over the last seven years alone, solar PV costs have come down 85%, meaning it already outcompetes fossil fuel generation capacity in many regions of the world16. The International Energy Agency (IEA) calculates th ...
Impacts of leaf phenology and water table on interannual variability
... • Interannual variation (IAV) in carbon fluxes from land to atmosphere is significant at the ecosystem scale, but we know little as we scale to the region – Regional fluxes are hard to observe and model but we’ve made progress – Still: IAV (years-decade) is currently poorly observed and modeled, whi ...
... • Interannual variation (IAV) in carbon fluxes from land to atmosphere is significant at the ecosystem scale, but we know little as we scale to the region – Regional fluxes are hard to observe and model but we’ve made progress – Still: IAV (years-decade) is currently poorly observed and modeled, whi ...
Tribal Response to Climate Change and the Evolving Ecosystem of
... the environmental adaptations included abundant resources. Not only were these natural resources that would become important to the economy of the people allowed to adapt to the changing climate but the people had time to change their culture enabling them to utilize the new environmental resources ...
... the environmental adaptations included abundant resources. Not only were these natural resources that would become important to the economy of the people allowed to adapt to the changing climate but the people had time to change their culture enabling them to utilize the new environmental resources ...
selvaraju
... be a stumbling block for designing adaptation actions focusing on baseline issues and more towards longer-term resilient adaptation. Adaptation to climate variability and extreme events serves as a basis for reducing vulnerability to longer-term climate change. Development of long-term adaptation st ...
... be a stumbling block for designing adaptation actions focusing on baseline issues and more towards longer-term resilient adaptation. Adaptation to climate variability and extreme events serves as a basis for reducing vulnerability to longer-term climate change. Development of long-term adaptation st ...
Our future in their plans
... to 2˚C, and an agreed aspiration of limiting the rise to 1.5˚C. This ambition will require a big shift in how we live. Over the past 150 years, from food production to transport, our economy has been powered by fossil fuels. They have helped industrialised countries reach unprecedented levels of wea ...
... to 2˚C, and an agreed aspiration of limiting the rise to 1.5˚C. This ambition will require a big shift in how we live. Over the past 150 years, from food production to transport, our economy has been powered by fossil fuels. They have helped industrialised countries reach unprecedented levels of wea ...
IPCC Expert Meeting on Assessing and Combining Multi Model Climate Projections
... and in interpreting model spread in general. Formal statistical methods can be powerful tools to synthesize model results, but there is also a danger of overconfidence if the models are lacking important processes and if model error, uncertainties in observations, and the robustness of statistical a ...
... and in interpreting model spread in general. Formal statistical methods can be powerful tools to synthesize model results, but there is also a danger of overconfidence if the models are lacking important processes and if model error, uncertainties in observations, and the robustness of statistical a ...
From science to policy: developing responses to climate change
... by shared customs, institutions and values) and the perspective of a common good (including the desire to reduce disease, save lives and promote good health) remain intact, actions can be taken that limit individual autonomy and justice. Nevertheless, there isn’t always consensus—even among public ...
... by shared customs, institutions and values) and the perspective of a common good (including the desire to reduce disease, save lives and promote good health) remain intact, actions can be taken that limit individual autonomy and justice. Nevertheless, there isn’t always consensus—even among public ...
The Relationship between Land–Ocean Surface Temperature
... changes in surface radiative fluxes as the land dries out. Increases in upward sensible heat flux are therefore relatively more important over land than over ocean. As a result, the land must warm more than the ocean to balance imposed radiative forcing (Manabe et al. 1991; Sutton et al. 2007; Dong ...
... changes in surface radiative fluxes as the land dries out. Increases in upward sensible heat flux are therefore relatively more important over land than over ocean. As a result, the land must warm more than the ocean to balance imposed radiative forcing (Manabe et al. 1991; Sutton et al. 2007; Dong ...
The Relevance of the No-Harm Principle to Climate Change Law
... projects with a focus on certain environmental issues, contrasts sharply with the restorative obligations of a state responsible for an internationally wrongful act. Although the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) requires developed states to “assist [developing states] that are part ...
... projects with a focus on certain environmental issues, contrasts sharply with the restorative obligations of a state responsible for an internationally wrongful act. Although the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) requires developed states to “assist [developing states] that are part ...
The rise and rise of fluorinated greenhouse gases - Öko
... Emissions of chlorine-free F-gases, which is the collective term for HFCs and two other groups of fluorinated greenhouse gases (SF6 and PFCs), accounted for 1.5% of total direct greenhouse gas emissions in 2003. Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas , but methane and nitrous oxide also ...
... Emissions of chlorine-free F-gases, which is the collective term for HFCs and two other groups of fluorinated greenhouse gases (SF6 and PFCs), accounted for 1.5% of total direct greenhouse gas emissions in 2003. Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas , but methane and nitrous oxide also ...
Results Report - World Wide Views on Climate and Energy
... climate change and energy are clear: there is strong public support for political action in order to agree on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. The WWViews results are based on well-established principles for c ...
... climate change and energy are clear: there is strong public support for political action in order to agree on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. The WWViews results are based on well-established principles for c ...
Tides of Trouble
... The proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) is a matter of growing global environmental health concern. These dangerous blooms of tiny microalgae can produce potent toxins that can harm people, pets, and marine life, and contaminate aquatic food chains. Eating toxin-contaminated fish or shellfi ...
... The proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) is a matter of growing global environmental health concern. These dangerous blooms of tiny microalgae can produce potent toxins that can harm people, pets, and marine life, and contaminate aquatic food chains. Eating toxin-contaminated fish or shellfi ...
Adaptation for Climate Change in the Coastal Sector of Saint Lucia
... warming of between 1 and 5oC or greater is expected, depending on the scenario used, and this warming far exceeds natural variability.18 It is also expected that the wet season will be dryer!. 19 Climate change will lead to changes in sea level, increasing it on average, and also could lead to alter ...
... warming of between 1 and 5oC or greater is expected, depending on the scenario used, and this warming far exceeds natural variability.18 It is also expected that the wet season will be dryer!. 19 Climate change will lead to changes in sea level, increasing it on average, and also could lead to alter ...
How can decision-makers in developing countries incorporate uncertainty about future climate risks into existing planning and policymaking processes? (424 kB) (opens in new window)
... Policy-makers around the world make decisions every day that impact the exposure of societies to climate hazards and their ability to cope with events when they occur. Some have direct impacts, for example, investments in new flood defences or early warning systems. Others, such as developmental pol ...
... Policy-makers around the world make decisions every day that impact the exposure of societies to climate hazards and their ability to cope with events when they occur. Some have direct impacts, for example, investments in new flood defences or early warning systems. Others, such as developmental pol ...
Impacts of climate change on Australia`s World Heritage properties
... listed as World Heritage sites. However, Australia’s World Heritage properties, and their unique values, are under threat from global climate change. The latest United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report states that ‘global warming is unequivocal’ and is due largely to an ...
... listed as World Heritage sites. However, Australia’s World Heritage properties, and their unique values, are under threat from global climate change. The latest United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report states that ‘global warming is unequivocal’ and is due largely to an ...
IPCC Asia - Climate Change and Food Security
... Extreme weather events in Asia were reported to provide evidence of increases in the intensity or frequency on regional scales throughout the 20th century. The Third Assessment Report (TAR) predicted that the area-averaged annual mean warming would be about 3°C in the decade of the 2050s and about 5 ...
... Extreme weather events in Asia were reported to provide evidence of increases in the intensity or frequency on regional scales throughout the 20th century. The Third Assessment Report (TAR) predicted that the area-averaged annual mean warming would be about 3°C in the decade of the 2050s and about 5 ...
the Migration as Adaptation briefing.
... Adger et al, 2003; Tacoli, 2011a and 2011b; Barnett and O’Neill, 2012); have flagged migration as a traditional coping method (Agrawal and Perrin, 2009), particularly in West Africa (Davies, 1993a), that could be set to increase in the face of climate change. Instead of viewing migration as a last r ...
... Adger et al, 2003; Tacoli, 2011a and 2011b; Barnett and O’Neill, 2012); have flagged migration as a traditional coping method (Agrawal and Perrin, 2009), particularly in West Africa (Davies, 1993a), that could be set to increase in the face of climate change. Instead of viewing migration as a last r ...
Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5
... The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded in its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4, Solomon et al. 2007) that climate change has begun to affect the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme events such as extreme temperatures, extreme precipitation, droughts, etc. Some of the c ...
... The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded in its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4, Solomon et al. 2007) that climate change has begun to affect the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme events such as extreme temperatures, extreme precipitation, droughts, etc. Some of the c ...
Forests synchronize their growth in contrasting Eurasian regions in
... (SI Appendix, Tables S2 and S3), indicating that the increasing synchrony in tree growth is a widespread ecological phenomenon, although regionally dependent. Synchrony estimates could be sensitive to the number of available chronologies, a number that has decreased progressively in the most recent ...
... (SI Appendix, Tables S2 and S3), indicating that the increasing synchrony in tree growth is a widespread ecological phenomenon, although regionally dependent. Synchrony estimates could be sensitive to the number of available chronologies, a number that has decreased progressively in the most recent ...
Chapter 9 Major commercial risks
... to benchmarking. Another disadvantage is that localised and complex weather-patterns such as flash-flood, hail or drought are rarely considered. Furthermore, the majority of those maps are based on historical data – without anticipating future changes. So far only Munich Re provides a specific world ...
... to benchmarking. Another disadvantage is that localised and complex weather-patterns such as flash-flood, hail or drought are rarely considered. Furthermore, the majority of those maps are based on historical data – without anticipating future changes. So far only Munich Re provides a specific world ...
Farmers and Climate Change: A Cross
... Of the locations covered in this analysis, Australia has experienced the most severe impacts attributable to climate change to date. During the first decade of this century, Australia experienced a significant drought. Researchers report ‘‘drought in many parts of the country is linked to, or at lea ...
... Of the locations covered in this analysis, Australia has experienced the most severe impacts attributable to climate change to date. During the first decade of this century, Australia experienced a significant drought. Researchers report ‘‘drought in many parts of the country is linked to, or at lea ...
Beyond species distribution modeling: A
... surrogate for gene flow between colonies, I used the landscape resistance approach implemented in Circuitscape v4.0.5 (McRae, 2006; McRae et al., 2008). Circuitscape estimates potential movement pathways across a heterogeneous landscape based on the cumulative cost of movement due to landscape resist ...
... surrogate for gene flow between colonies, I used the landscape resistance approach implemented in Circuitscape v4.0.5 (McRae, 2006; McRae et al., 2008). Circuitscape estimates potential movement pathways across a heterogeneous landscape based on the cumulative cost of movement due to landscape resist ...
Managing United States Public Lands in Response to Climate Change
... to-day decisions are made that ultimately determine how the land is managed. Agencies function under a multiple-use mandate, and so any new considerations must be weighed against other mandates for the use of resources, personnel, and the land itself. Historical legacies can also figure prominently ...
... to-day decisions are made that ultimately determine how the land is managed. Agencies function under a multiple-use mandate, and so any new considerations must be weighed against other mandates for the use of resources, personnel, and the land itself. Historical legacies can also figure prominently ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).