Modelling Vegetation and the Carbon Cycle as Interactive Elements
... To appear in the Proceedings of the RMS Millenium Conference ...
... To appear in the Proceedings of the RMS Millenium Conference ...
Historical and future quantification of terrestrial carbon
... (see below) and the term in parenthesis to the determination of the contribution of CO2 only. However, for simplicity we use ‘‘GHGV’’ with a subscript according to the year of removal of natural vegetation in this study. Ecosystem-atmosphere GHG exchange is calculated over an emissions time frame (t ...
... (see below) and the term in parenthesis to the determination of the contribution of CO2 only. However, for simplicity we use ‘‘GHGV’’ with a subscript according to the year of removal of natural vegetation in this study. Ecosystem-atmosphere GHG exchange is calculated over an emissions time frame (t ...
PDF
... Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Climate change is expected to negatively affect agricultural production. Actually, the agricultural cultivation area has been extended northward, and the damage by blight and harmful insects during the winter has increased, resulting in the decr ...
... Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Climate change is expected to negatively affect agricultural production. Actually, the agricultural cultivation area has been extended northward, and the damage by blight and harmful insects during the winter has increased, resulting in the decr ...
Wally Was Right: Predictive Ability of the North Atlantic “Conveyor Belt” Hypothesis
... 10–100 years) was followed by slow cooling, rapid cooling, and then little change or slow warming. Spacing between successive warmings was variable, but a value near 1500 years is most common (Alley et al. 2001). Broecker dubbed the warm intervals Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events for the pioneering w ...
... 10–100 years) was followed by slow cooling, rapid cooling, and then little change or slow warming. Spacing between successive warmings was variable, but a value near 1500 years is most common (Alley et al. 2001). Broecker dubbed the warm intervals Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events for the pioneering w ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... human activities on climate system, one should also take into consideration timescales during which a given RF term would persist in the atmosphere after associated emissions or changes are ceased. The available data indicate that the lifetime of various RF factors could last from days for aerosols ...
... human activities on climate system, one should also take into consideration timescales during which a given RF term would persist in the atmosphere after associated emissions or changes are ceased. The available data indicate that the lifetime of various RF factors could last from days for aerosols ...
ENG - UN CC:Learn
... The assessment of vulnerability at the local and regional levels is strongly centered on the involvement and knowledge of a diversity of stakeholders Key stakeholders may include community members, policymakers, researchers, experts, civil society and nongovernmental organizations Stakeholders’ invo ...
... The assessment of vulnerability at the local and regional levels is strongly centered on the involvement and knowledge of a diversity of stakeholders Key stakeholders may include community members, policymakers, researchers, experts, civil society and nongovernmental organizations Stakeholders’ invo ...
Full-Text PDF
... temperature, i.e., less than 2 °C, are projected to have a stronger impact in the SW US on mean annual temperature (MAT), and perhaps mean annual precipitation (MAP), than in the rest of the United States [7,25]. The higher sensitivity of forest species in the SW US is a result of many communities e ...
... temperature, i.e., less than 2 °C, are projected to have a stronger impact in the SW US on mean annual temperature (MAT), and perhaps mean annual precipitation (MAP), than in the rest of the United States [7,25]. The higher sensitivity of forest species in the SW US is a result of many communities e ...
Untangling interactions: do temperature and habitat fragmentation
... dominant drivers of global environmental change [11,15], altering population dynamics [16], restricting species distributions [17] and influencing food web dynamics [9]. While these drivers have globally recognized impacts on the persistence of biodiversity, relatively few studies have empirically i ...
... dominant drivers of global environmental change [11,15], altering population dynamics [16], restricting species distributions [17] and influencing food web dynamics [9]. While these drivers have globally recognized impacts on the persistence of biodiversity, relatively few studies have empirically i ...
Science, Scientists, and Local Weather: Understanding Mass
... Attitudes Toward Scientists and Science. The scientific community has been the primary advocate for the view that climate change is occurring and that it is the result of human activity, so it would not be surprising that how Americans think about scientists and science would affect their views of c ...
... Attitudes Toward Scientists and Science. The scientific community has been the primary advocate for the view that climate change is occurring and that it is the result of human activity, so it would not be surprising that how Americans think about scientists and science would affect their views of c ...
Building resilience to climate shocks and stresses: knowledge gap Learning paper #1
... information about climate-information production and consumption in each country and highlights similarities across the projects in terms of the climate-information needs at village level as well as the climate risks faced. The box below gives a snapshot of the wealth of knowledge that was co-produc ...
... information about climate-information production and consumption in each country and highlights similarities across the projects in terms of the climate-information needs at village level as well as the climate risks faced. The box below gives a snapshot of the wealth of knowledge that was co-produc ...
What do stakeholders need to manage for climate change
... General characteristics of the document dataset As shown in Table 1a, b, fifty-five documents were ultimately selected on the criteria mentioned above to be included in our analysis, spanning 14 years (data collection for 2011 does not represent a full year as we stopped data collection in May of 20 ...
... General characteristics of the document dataset As shown in Table 1a, b, fifty-five documents were ultimately selected on the criteria mentioned above to be included in our analysis, spanning 14 years (data collection for 2011 does not represent a full year as we stopped data collection in May of 20 ...
Elizabeth Marino - Initiative on Climate Adaptation Research and
... agency approval and funding, which in turn are dependent on governance structures, federal and state regulations, local capacity for administrative response, and more. Responses to flooding, through these channels are thus politicized and thereby entering the world of political economy, political ec ...
... agency approval and funding, which in turn are dependent on governance structures, federal and state regulations, local capacity for administrative response, and more. Responses to flooding, through these channels are thus politicized and thereby entering the world of political economy, political ec ...
What is climate change?
... The greenhouse effect (Figure 1) is a natural occurrence trapping heat that originates from the sun, and then radiating it back to the earth. But human activity is upsetting this balance causing an ‘enhanced’ greenhouse effect. Figure 1 -The Natural Greenhouse Effect (Source: GLA, 2007:6) ...
... The greenhouse effect (Figure 1) is a natural occurrence trapping heat that originates from the sun, and then radiating it back to the earth. But human activity is upsetting this balance causing an ‘enhanced’ greenhouse effect. Figure 1 -The Natural Greenhouse Effect (Source: GLA, 2007:6) ...
Ecosystem-based adaptation: An approach for building
... Why “ecosystem-based” adaptation? Global climate change is already adversely impacting the world’s ecosystems and the people that depend on them. Impacts are escalating as temperature and precipitation patterns change and extreme weather events and related conditions increase in frequency and intens ...
... Why “ecosystem-based” adaptation? Global climate change is already adversely impacting the world’s ecosystems and the people that depend on them. Impacts are escalating as temperature and precipitation patterns change and extreme weather events and related conditions increase in frequency and intens ...
The demographic impacts of shifts in climate means and extremes
... 1968). Adults behaviourally thermoregulate to achieve the body temperatures required for flight, but do not elevate body temperatures through endogenous heat production (Watt 1968). Butterflies use a lateral basking posture with the wings closed and the ventral hindwing surfaces oriented perpendicular ...
... 1968). Adults behaviourally thermoregulate to achieve the body temperatures required for flight, but do not elevate body temperatures through endogenous heat production (Watt 1968). Butterflies use a lateral basking posture with the wings closed and the ventral hindwing surfaces oriented perpendicular ...
Is there a role for power relations in climate vulnerability and
... sustainability issues. This implies an increasing body of research and policy efforts, which have also been able to gather great consensus on the most relevant issues, and engage various stakeholders other than academia and policymakers (Bennett et al., 2015; Lemos and Agrawal, 2006; Oreskes, 2005) ...
... sustainability issues. This implies an increasing body of research and policy efforts, which have also been able to gather great consensus on the most relevant issues, and engage various stakeholders other than academia and policymakers (Bennett et al., 2015; Lemos and Agrawal, 2006; Oreskes, 2005) ...
Infectious disease, development, and climate change: a
... We began by trying to explain infant mortality. Two problems with estimating (1) quickly became apparent. The first was model selection. There were many potential indicators of adaptive capacity, each with missing observations for different countries. Furthermore, the regressions were plagued by mul ...
... We began by trying to explain infant mortality. Two problems with estimating (1) quickly became apparent. The first was model selection. There were many potential indicators of adaptive capacity, each with missing observations for different countries. Furthermore, the regressions were plagued by mul ...
Projection of occurrence of extreme drywet years and seasons in
... amount is found (black square). For Malaga, this value is 230 mm/yr: There is a probability of 2.3% for any given year to have less than 230 mm of precipitation. [21] The SPI is very flexible. Since it is a normalized measure relative to a specific location and period, it has the advantage that its va ...
... amount is found (black square). For Malaga, this value is 230 mm/yr: There is a probability of 2.3% for any given year to have less than 230 mm of precipitation. [21] The SPI is very flexible. Since it is a normalized measure relative to a specific location and period, it has the advantage that its va ...
Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook MODULE 7: Climate-smart crop production system
... season to season and year to year, and require rapid and adaptable management responses (FAO-PAR, 2011). By 2050, it is predicted that the global population will be over 9 billion people, increasing the demand for food and other agricultural products. At the same time, the world faces challenges suc ...
... season to season and year to year, and require rapid and adaptable management responses (FAO-PAR, 2011). By 2050, it is predicted that the global population will be over 9 billion people, increasing the demand for food and other agricultural products. At the same time, the world faces challenges suc ...
Modeling Earth`s future
... surfaces, and oceans. These models indicate that as humans release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, converting forests to agricultural land, and other activities, the world will warm. This warming would be expected to change weather patterns, the ...
... surfaces, and oceans. These models indicate that as humans release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, converting forests to agricultural land, and other activities, the world will warm. This warming would be expected to change weather patterns, the ...
Climate change drives extensive and drastically different alpine lake
... These changes in lake area on the TP, particularly the expansion during recent decades, have been attributed to multiple factors, including precipitation and evaporation [Biskop et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2014], glacier/snow melting [Neckel et al., 2014; Yao et al., 2012], permafrost degradation [Li ...
... These changes in lake area on the TP, particularly the expansion during recent decades, have been attributed to multiple factors, including precipitation and evaporation [Biskop et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2014], glacier/snow melting [Neckel et al., 2014; Yao et al., 2012], permafrost degradation [Li ...
front cover
... We know the world is warming, on average by 0.74ºC during the past century, with most of that since 1970. Human-made CO2 is responsible for the vast majority of the warming. Concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere are now almost 40 per cent above those of 200 years ago and emissions to the atmospher ...
... We know the world is warming, on average by 0.74ºC during the past century, with most of that since 1970. Human-made CO2 is responsible for the vast majority of the warming. Concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere are now almost 40 per cent above those of 200 years ago and emissions to the atmospher ...
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation
... The PDO in the past There has been some reconstructions of the PDO in the past. Clearly, there are no measurements available and it's also hard to find reliable proxies of the sea surface temperature in the North Pacific. Typically precipitation sensitive proxies are used. Bondi et al. 2001, for exam ...
... The PDO in the past There has been some reconstructions of the PDO in the past. Clearly, there are no measurements available and it's also hard to find reliable proxies of the sea surface temperature in the North Pacific. Typically precipitation sensitive proxies are used. Bondi et al. 2001, for exam ...
How closely do changes in surface and column water vapor follow
... quantification of changes in the amount of water in the atmosphere, especially because satellite observational estimates are available for this quantity§. Held & Soden (2006) found a rate of increase in the amount of global-mean water vapor with respect to globalmean surface air temperature of 7.5%/ ...
... quantification of changes in the amount of water in the atmosphere, especially because satellite observational estimates are available for this quantity§. Held & Soden (2006) found a rate of increase in the amount of global-mean water vapor with respect to globalmean surface air temperature of 7.5%/ ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).