Chapter 13 Notes 2015
... circulation affects climate. • Cold air sinks because it is denser than warm air. As the air sinks, it compresses and warms. • Warm air rises. It expands and cools as it rises. • Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air can. Therefore, when warm air cools, the water vapor it contains may con ...
... circulation affects climate. • Cold air sinks because it is denser than warm air. As the air sinks, it compresses and warms. • Warm air rises. It expands and cools as it rises. • Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air can. Therefore, when warm air cools, the water vapor it contains may con ...
Urban Areas - Southwest Climate Assessment Report
... (2010) developed a global model for human-caused fluxes and found that globally the average daily urban heat flux due to human causes has a range of 0.7 W/m2 to 3.6 W/m2. Globally, they found heat release from buildings to be the most important contributor. Several studies have included the effects ...
... (2010) developed a global model for human-caused fluxes and found that globally the average daily urban heat flux due to human causes has a range of 0.7 W/m2 to 3.6 W/m2. Globally, they found heat release from buildings to be the most important contributor. Several studies have included the effects ...
Swedish Clean Air and Climate Research Program SCAC
... outcome, such as the risk of low birth weight and prematurity (Slama et al. 2009; Olsson et al. 2012; Olsson et al. 2013). Since one of the major components of the foetal programming hypothesis is growth disturbance, as indicated by a low birth weight, this raises concerns that negative effects by a ...
... outcome, such as the risk of low birth weight and prematurity (Slama et al. 2009; Olsson et al. 2012; Olsson et al. 2013). Since one of the major components of the foetal programming hypothesis is growth disturbance, as indicated by a low birth weight, this raises concerns that negative effects by a ...
Reef-Guardians-2016-Year-10-Climate-change
... Background information – climate change What is climate change? Gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap some of the sun’s energy that would otherwise be radiated back into space. This is called the greenhouse effect. This effect keeps the Earth at a temperature suitable for life. Climate change result ...
... Background information – climate change What is climate change? Gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap some of the sun’s energy that would otherwise be radiated back into space. This is called the greenhouse effect. This effect keeps the Earth at a temperature suitable for life. Climate change result ...
A vulnerability driven approach to identify adverse climate and land
... information on future climate is integrated to assess the plausibility of the hydrologic indicator to transition into a vulnerable regime in the future. These bottom-up approaches are sometimes also termed decision scaling or context-first approaches. They can be used in a wide variety of problems an ...
... information on future climate is integrated to assess the plausibility of the hydrologic indicator to transition into a vulnerable regime in the future. These bottom-up approaches are sometimes also termed decision scaling or context-first approaches. They can be used in a wide variety of problems an ...
Key steps in adaptation assessment for LULUCF sector
... Any of these analytical approaches can be used to develop scenarios, & associated streams of annual I&FF and O&M costs A suitable sectoral model A sectoral plan A projection of sectoral trends The current situation in the sector A combination of those approaches ...
... Any of these analytical approaches can be used to develop scenarios, & associated streams of annual I&FF and O&M costs A suitable sectoral model A sectoral plan A projection of sectoral trends The current situation in the sector A combination of those approaches ...
When It Rains, It Pours
... of Sciences and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—attribute the warming primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases, including pollution from the combustion of coal, gasoline and other fossil fuels.8 Warming is already having an impact. Among the predicted effects of glob ...
... of Sciences and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—attribute the warming primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases, including pollution from the combustion of coal, gasoline and other fossil fuels.8 Warming is already having an impact. Among the predicted effects of glob ...
Observed groundwater temperature response to recent climate
... often time series of atmospheric temperatures can be represented more appropriately by models using breakpoints than by models assuming monotonic functions. Hence, we here apply a sequential t test analysis for regime shifts (STARS) to detect possible abrupt climate regime shifts (CRSs) in the tempe ...
... often time series of atmospheric temperatures can be represented more appropriately by models using breakpoints than by models assuming monotonic functions. Hence, we here apply a sequential t test analysis for regime shifts (STARS) to detect possible abrupt climate regime shifts (CRSs) in the tempe ...
NGOs in Economic Diplomacy
... In recent years, North–South alliances of NGOs have successfully pushed issues to the top of the political agenda at meetings of the G8, the World Bank, and the WTO. Landmark initiatives, such as the International Criminal Court and International Landmines Treaty, were spearheaded by joint efforts o ...
... In recent years, North–South alliances of NGOs have successfully pushed issues to the top of the political agenda at meetings of the G8, the World Bank, and the WTO. Landmark initiatives, such as the International Criminal Court and International Landmines Treaty, were spearheaded by joint efforts o ...
A climate change report card for water Working Technical Paper 9
... occurrence. Assessing confidence or uncertainty is important for policy makers who have to judge how seriously to take potential threats. The significance of this is demonstrated in the “acid rain” projects in the 1980s, where information was supplied to planners and managers with uncertainty bounds ...
... occurrence. Assessing confidence or uncertainty is important for policy makers who have to judge how seriously to take potential threats. The significance of this is demonstrated in the “acid rain” projects in the 1980s, where information was supplied to planners and managers with uncertainty bounds ...
Displacement and Migration from Climate Hot
... Md Shamsuddoha is the Chief Executive of the Center for Participatory Research and Development (CPRD), a research-based non-government organization in Bangladesh. He studied Marine Sciences at the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. He is involved with a number of research projects on climate chan ...
... Md Shamsuddoha is the Chief Executive of the Center for Participatory Research and Development (CPRD), a research-based non-government organization in Bangladesh. He studied Marine Sciences at the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. He is involved with a number of research projects on climate chan ...
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... commercial system of emission trading and if they improve their energy efficiency, overall consumption in Europe would drop, no doubt. If the offer is considered as a permanent factor, other consumer countries like China could use more fossil energy at lower prices – which means that the sum total o ...
... commercial system of emission trading and if they improve their energy efficiency, overall consumption in Europe would drop, no doubt. If the offer is considered as a permanent factor, other consumer countries like China could use more fossil energy at lower prices – which means that the sum total o ...
There is general agreement that the negative effects of global
... resilience, can reduce the effects of the events associated with climate change. Ayers discusses how adaptation investments should be additional to, or mainstreamed into traditional development assistance. For the most part, however, the literature has so far focused on what the additional adaptatio ...
... resilience, can reduce the effects of the events associated with climate change. Ayers discusses how adaptation investments should be additional to, or mainstreamed into traditional development assistance. For the most part, however, the literature has so far focused on what the additional adaptatio ...
Independent review of the Climate Change (State Action) Act 2008
... Independent review of the Climate Change (State Action) Act 2008 Section 18 requires that an independent review of the operation of the Act is conducted every four years. The review must address the extent to which the Acts’ objects are being achieved and any requirement for additional legislative m ...
... Independent review of the Climate Change (State Action) Act 2008 Section 18 requires that an independent review of the operation of the Act is conducted every four years. The review must address the extent to which the Acts’ objects are being achieved and any requirement for additional legislative m ...
2 Echoes of 1983 `Weather Alert` report
... scientific observations and computer simulations that model future climate. 2007 has been a year of climatic crises, especially floods, often of an unprecedented nature. They included Africa’s worst floods in three decades, unprecedented flooding in Mexico, massive floods in South Asia and heat wave ...
... scientific observations and computer simulations that model future climate. 2007 has been a year of climatic crises, especially floods, often of an unprecedented nature. They included Africa’s worst floods in three decades, unprecedented flooding in Mexico, massive floods in South Asia and heat wave ...
This paper offers a unifying conceptual framework for examining the
... The scheme in Figure 1 does not take into acco unt the feedback effect of inequality on climate change. It rather treats climate change effects as external (or exogenous). However, as discussed in detail in Islam (2015), inequality exacerbates climate change in different ways. For example, among dev ...
... The scheme in Figure 1 does not take into acco unt the feedback effect of inequality on climate change. It rather treats climate change effects as external (or exogenous). However, as discussed in detail in Islam (2015), inequality exacerbates climate change in different ways. For example, among dev ...
New Insights on the Physical Nature of the Atmospheric Greenhouse
... In other words, the lower troposphere contains significantly more kinetic energy than expected from solar heating alone, a conclusion also supported by the new 90 K GE estimate. A similar but more extreme situation is observed on Venus as well, where the atmospheric downwelling LW radiation near the ...
... In other words, the lower troposphere contains significantly more kinetic energy than expected from solar heating alone, a conclusion also supported by the new 90 K GE estimate. A similar but more extreme situation is observed on Venus as well, where the atmospheric downwelling LW radiation near the ...
pdf
... *Baseline period for sea level rise is 2000-2004. Based on 35 GCMs and two Representative Concentration Pathways. Data are from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) United States Historical Climatology Network (USHCN), Version 2 (Menne et al ...
... *Baseline period for sea level rise is 2000-2004. Based on 35 GCMs and two Representative Concentration Pathways. Data are from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) United States Historical Climatology Network (USHCN), Version 2 (Menne et al ...
... 1. INTRODUCTION The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2007) provided conclusive scientific evidence that human activity in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is responsible for many observed climate changes, but noted that use of this kn ...
Total aerosol effect: radiative forcing or radiative flux perturbation?
... the indirect aerosol effect in which case additional assumptions about the direct aerosol effect were made (solid black vertical bar in Fig. 1). The total anthropogenic aerosol effect or indirect aerosol effect so derived would, however, also include any other possible hitherto unknown cooling effec ...
... the indirect aerosol effect in which case additional assumptions about the direct aerosol effect were made (solid black vertical bar in Fig. 1). The total anthropogenic aerosol effect or indirect aerosol effect so derived would, however, also include any other possible hitherto unknown cooling effec ...
Prediction of Future Change of Water Demand Following Global
... all the models. Since temperature rise for MRI is less than other two models, higher yields are expected to occur. However, biomass of more than 23 ton/ha may be too high. The reason why grain yield for all the models increases can not be explained well. In case of maize, both biomass and grain yiel ...
... all the models. Since temperature rise for MRI is less than other two models, higher yields are expected to occur. However, biomass of more than 23 ton/ha may be too high. The reason why grain yield for all the models increases can not be explained well. In case of maize, both biomass and grain yiel ...
The Next Step: Exponential Life 1 — PB
... catastrophic volcanic super-eruption that occurred 75,000 years ago, blasting an estimated 2800 cubic kilometers of material into the atmosphere. An erupted mass just 1/100th of this from the Tambora eruption (the largest in recent history) was enough to cause the 1816 “year without a summer,” where ...
... catastrophic volcanic super-eruption that occurred 75,000 years ago, blasting an estimated 2800 cubic kilometers of material into the atmosphere. An erupted mass just 1/100th of this from the Tambora eruption (the largest in recent history) was enough to cause the 1816 “year without a summer,” where ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).