Predicting future oceans: climate
... surface oxygen concentration emerges much earlier in the Southern Ocean. When examining projections for all four properties together, the patterns of CO2 emission-driven changes emerge in 41% of the global ocean from 2005 to 2014 and 63% from 2075 to 2084. The combined changes in properties emerge m ...
... surface oxygen concentration emerges much earlier in the Southern Ocean. When examining projections for all four properties together, the patterns of CO2 emission-driven changes emerge in 41% of the global ocean from 2005 to 2014 and 63% from 2075 to 2084. The combined changes in properties emerge m ...
A 10-Year Multidisciplinary Program on the Mediterranean Water
... varied widely in the past, sometimes very quickly finescale processes and their nonlinear interac(Combourieu Nebout et al. 2002). Regarding more tions with large-scale processes as well as not wellrecent periods, several authors have reported an known interactions between oceanic, atmospheric, incre ...
... varied widely in the past, sometimes very quickly finescale processes and their nonlinear interac(Combourieu Nebout et al. 2002). Regarding more tions with large-scale processes as well as not wellrecent periods, several authors have reported an known interactions between oceanic, atmospheric, incre ...
Climate change and Arctic ecosystems II
... developed. The geographic distributions of vegetation types north of 55°N, including the position of the forest limit and the distributions of the tundra types, could be predicted from climatology using a small set of plant functional types embedded in the biogeochemistry-biogeography model BIOME4. ...
... developed. The geographic distributions of vegetation types north of 55°N, including the position of the forest limit and the distributions of the tundra types, could be predicted from climatology using a small set of plant functional types embedded in the biogeochemistry-biogeography model BIOME4. ...
SimCLIM 2013 Data Manual 1 November 2013 Prepared By:
... future climate change periods. A baseline period defines the observed climate with which climate change information is usually combined to create a climate scenario. When using climate model results for scenario construction, the baseline also serves as the reference period from which the modelled f ...
... future climate change periods. A baseline period defines the observed climate with which climate change information is usually combined to create a climate scenario. When using climate model results for scenario construction, the baseline also serves as the reference period from which the modelled f ...
Full Text - American University of Beirut
... For Euphrates there is a protocol of under standing between Turkey and Syria for delivering 500m3/s/day of which 52% is delivered to Iraq after the official agreement signed between both countries .For Yarmok and Nahr El Kabir Janobi and Tigris nothing up to now is done .Even for Euphrates the proto ...
... For Euphrates there is a protocol of under standing between Turkey and Syria for delivering 500m3/s/day of which 52% is delivered to Iraq after the official agreement signed between both countries .For Yarmok and Nahr El Kabir Janobi and Tigris nothing up to now is done .Even for Euphrates the proto ...
Strengthening Sovereignty
... change has a strategic dimension. The effects of climate change will be felt globally, across all elements of society—social, political, and economic—and will last indefinitely. In combination with resource scarcity and environmental degradation, climate change must be examined closely for its affec ...
... change has a strategic dimension. The effects of climate change will be felt globally, across all elements of society—social, political, and economic—and will last indefinitely. In combination with resource scarcity and environmental degradation, climate change must be examined closely for its affec ...
The Climate Change Performance Index
... It will be important to further stabilise and accelerate the trend of a decline in the energy intensity of the global economy. In addition, the most important condition for decoupling emissions from energy supply is to decarbonise the energy supply. Two major developments give hope that this is abou ...
... It will be important to further stabilise and accelerate the trend of a decline in the energy intensity of the global economy. In addition, the most important condition for decoupling emissions from energy supply is to decarbonise the energy supply. Two major developments give hope that this is abou ...
The Climate Change Performance Index - Results
... It will be important to further stabilise and accelerate the trend of a decline in the energy intensity of the global economy. In addition, the most important condition for decoupling emissions from energy supply is to decarbonise the energy supply. Two major developments give hope that this is abou ...
... It will be important to further stabilise and accelerate the trend of a decline in the energy intensity of the global economy. In addition, the most important condition for decoupling emissions from energy supply is to decarbonise the energy supply. Two major developments give hope that this is abou ...
Livelihoods and Climate Change - International Institute for
... stage where all but the most extreme contrarians accept that, whatever happens to future greenhouse gas emissions, we are now locked into inevitable changes to climate patterns. Many, including the scientists working with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (IPCC), have concluded that the ...
... stage where all but the most extreme contrarians accept that, whatever happens to future greenhouse gas emissions, we are now locked into inevitable changes to climate patterns. Many, including the scientists working with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (IPCC), have concluded that the ...
Climate and Land Degradation - The World AgroMeteorological
... Land surface is an important part of the climate system (Figure 2). The interaction between land surface and the atmosphere involves multiple processes and feedbacks, all of which may vary simultaneously. It is frequently stressed that the changes of vegetation type can modify the characteristics of ...
... Land surface is an important part of the climate system (Figure 2). The interaction between land surface and the atmosphere involves multiple processes and feedbacks, all of which may vary simultaneously. It is frequently stressed that the changes of vegetation type can modify the characteristics of ...
The fate of Amazonian ecosystems over the coming century arising
... indicating that CO2 fertilization may be occurring (Baker et al., 2004; Lewis et al., 2009); however, there is currently limited direct evidence from large-scale experimental studies in tropical forests, such as free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments, to support this conclusion. The i ...
... indicating that CO2 fertilization may be occurring (Baker et al., 2004; Lewis et al., 2009); however, there is currently limited direct evidence from large-scale experimental studies in tropical forests, such as free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments, to support this conclusion. The i ...
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... market failure the world has ever seen”. Thus the possibility of climate policies that yield Pareto improvements should exist. The design of an international treaty where no generation will lose is the focus of Foley (2009). Such a treaty would eliminate the conflict of interests across generations ...
... market failure the world has ever seen”. Thus the possibility of climate policies that yield Pareto improvements should exist. The design of an international treaty where no generation will lose is the focus of Foley (2009). Such a treaty would eliminate the conflict of interests across generations ...
Scenario Planning for Solar Radiation Management
... of severe instability. However, SRM is often seen—both by those who support research and those who oppose it—as laden with physical and political risks and uncertainties. While SRM is expected to reduce global average temperatures, it would not necessarily serve as a perfect offset to the greenhouse ...
... of severe instability. However, SRM is often seen—both by those who support research and those who oppose it—as laden with physical and political risks and uncertainties. While SRM is expected to reduce global average temperatures, it would not necessarily serve as a perfect offset to the greenhouse ...
Climate and Land Degradation - Integrated Drought Management
... Land surface is an important part of the climate system (Figure 2). The interaction between land surface and the atmosphere involves multiple processes and feedbacks, all of which may vary simultaneously. It is frequently stressed that the changes of vegetation type can modify the characteristics of ...
... Land surface is an important part of the climate system (Figure 2). The interaction between land surface and the atmosphere involves multiple processes and feedbacks, all of which may vary simultaneously. It is frequently stressed that the changes of vegetation type can modify the characteristics of ...
Nippon Foundation-Nereus Report "Predicting Future Oceans"
... surface oxygen concentration emerges much earlier in the Southern Ocean. When examining projections for all four properties together, the patterns of CO2 emission-driven changes emerge in 41% of the global ocean from 2005 to 2014 and 63% from 2075 to 2084. The combined changes in properties emerge m ...
... surface oxygen concentration emerges much earlier in the Southern Ocean. When examining projections for all four properties together, the patterns of CO2 emission-driven changes emerge in 41% of the global ocean from 2005 to 2014 and 63% from 2075 to 2084. The combined changes in properties emerge m ...
Forests and trees for social adaptation to climate variability and
... reduction, and climate change mitigation.6–12 However, the evidence on EBA effectiveness needs to be strengthened,13 particularly as pilot projects are being implemented, for example in Colombia, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka.9 As a first step in addressing this need, we present peer-reviewed scientific l ...
... reduction, and climate change mitigation.6–12 However, the evidence on EBA effectiveness needs to be strengthened,13 particularly as pilot projects are being implemented, for example in Colombia, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka.9 As a first step in addressing this need, we present peer-reviewed scientific l ...
- University of Cambridge
... time of the seepage water during drier conditions may allow more bedrock to be dissolved, favor PCP in the unsaturated zone, resulting in higher δ 13C values in speleothem25–27. In addition, dry condition may enhance the evaporation and CO2 degassing of drip water28, and cause higher δ 13C of speleo ...
... time of the seepage water during drier conditions may allow more bedrock to be dissolved, favor PCP in the unsaturated zone, resulting in higher δ 13C values in speleothem25–27. In addition, dry condition may enhance the evaporation and CO2 degassing of drip water28, and cause higher δ 13C of speleo ...
Migration and Climate - International Institute for Sustainable
... population. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) about 192 million people, or 3 per cent of the world’s population, now live outside their place of birth.9 But this prediction is still very tentative. Professor Myers himself admits that his estimate, although calculated fr ...
... population. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) about 192 million people, or 3 per cent of the world’s population, now live outside their place of birth.9 But this prediction is still very tentative. Professor Myers himself admits that his estimate, although calculated fr ...
The theme of slow onset impact
... Convention and shed light on the intent of the Parties to the agreement – both of which aid in interpreting the operative provisions of the Convention. The operative provisions of the Convention begin by defining both the ‘adverse effects of climate change’ as well as the term ‘climate change’ itsel ...
... Convention and shed light on the intent of the Parties to the agreement – both of which aid in interpreting the operative provisions of the Convention. The operative provisions of the Convention begin by defining both the ‘adverse effects of climate change’ as well as the term ‘climate change’ itsel ...
a sensitive matter - The Global Warming Policy Foundation
... in final form in January 2014, contains some really encouraging information. 1 The best observational evidence indicates our climate is considerably less sensitive to greenhouse gases than climate scientists had previously thought. The clues and the relevant scientific papers are all mentioned in th ...
... in final form in January 2014, contains some really encouraging information. 1 The best observational evidence indicates our climate is considerably less sensitive to greenhouse gases than climate scientists had previously thought. The clues and the relevant scientific papers are all mentioned in th ...
“Duck Factory” of North America - American Meteorological Society
... amphibians, and other migratory birds (Sorenson et al. 1998). The PPR has economic implications as well. In 2006, expenditures by an estimated 1.3 million waterfowl hunters in the United States totaled over $900 million, supporting over 27 000 jobs (Carver 2006). Additionally, wetland restoration is ...
... amphibians, and other migratory birds (Sorenson et al. 1998). The PPR has economic implications as well. In 2006, expenditures by an estimated 1.3 million waterfowl hunters in the United States totaled over $900 million, supporting over 27 000 jobs (Carver 2006). Additionally, wetland restoration is ...
global warming, climate change and tourism: a review of
... the theme. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) declared that ‘warming of the climate system is unequivocal’ (IPCC 2007 a). The global mean temperature has increased by 0.76°C between 1850–1899 and 2001–2005 and the IPCC concluded that most of the observed increase in global average ...
... the theme. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) declared that ‘warming of the climate system is unequivocal’ (IPCC 2007 a). The global mean temperature has increased by 0.76°C between 1850–1899 and 2001–2005 and the IPCC concluded that most of the observed increase in global average ...
Protection and Planned Relocations in the Context of
... Climate change is expected to lead to increased human mobility in the forms of migration, displacement and planned relocation of communities as areas become uninhabitable because of the effects of global warming. While considerable attention has been directed toward the first two categories – partic ...
... Climate change is expected to lead to increased human mobility in the forms of migration, displacement and planned relocation of communities as areas become uninhabitable because of the effects of global warming. While considerable attention has been directed toward the first two categories – partic ...
The implications of climate change for the water environment in
... This paper reviews the implications of climate change for the water environment and its management in England. There is a large literature, but most studies have looked at flow volumes or nutrients and none have considered explicitly the implications of climate change for the delivery of water manag ...
... This paper reviews the implications of climate change for the water environment and its management in England. There is a large literature, but most studies have looked at flow volumes or nutrients and none have considered explicitly the implications of climate change for the delivery of water manag ...
COMMITTEE ON FISHERIES
... 13. Although fishing and aquaculture communities tend to be among the highly vulnerable, global awareness and understanding of climate change impacts on the aquatic systems and the special needs of those who depend on aquatic resources for their food and livelihoods was very low in 2009. In the same ...
... 13. Although fishing and aquaculture communities tend to be among the highly vulnerable, global awareness and understanding of climate change impacts on the aquatic systems and the special needs of those who depend on aquatic resources for their food and livelihoods was very low in 2009. In the same ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).