The Development of Radial and Biradial Symmetry: The Evolution of
... other metazoans appear to display these developmental features (Goldstein and Freeman, 1997). It is interesting to note, however, that the oral pole of adult cnidarians (hydrozoans) is generated from the posterior pole of the planula larva. This seems to indicate that there is an "inversion" of axia ...
... other metazoans appear to display these developmental features (Goldstein and Freeman, 1997). It is interesting to note, however, that the oral pole of adult cnidarians (hydrozoans) is generated from the posterior pole of the planula larva. This seems to indicate that there is an "inversion" of axia ...
Rheb and mammalian target of rapamycin in mitochondrial
... Under conditions of low metabolic activity an excess of mitochondria can selectively be removed via a specialized form of autophagy, named mitophagy (reviewed in [4]). Quality control of mitochondria is ensured via various mechanisms. First, mitochondria undergo continuous cycles of fusion and fissi ...
... Under conditions of low metabolic activity an excess of mitochondria can selectively be removed via a specialized form of autophagy, named mitophagy (reviewed in [4]). Quality control of mitochondria is ensured via various mechanisms. First, mitochondria undergo continuous cycles of fusion and fissi ...
Characterization of Pinin, A Novel Protein Associated with the
... eDNA synthesis was carried out by priming the ssl3 template with specific oligonucleotides linked to sequence of the restriction enzyme sites. BamH1 was used on sense primers and EcoR1 was used on antisense primers (lowercase below). Sequences were selected to generate polypeptides between 10 and 14 ...
... eDNA synthesis was carried out by priming the ssl3 template with specific oligonucleotides linked to sequence of the restriction enzyme sites. BamH1 was used on sense primers and EcoR1 was used on antisense primers (lowercase below). Sequences were selected to generate polypeptides between 10 and 14 ...
c-Myc Overexpression Increases Cell Size and Impairs Cartilage
... that occasionally led to interdigital chondrogenesis. In contrast, c-myc overexpression did not interfere with other processes, such as muscle differentiation. Although based on overexpression experiments, our results suggest that endogenous c-Myc may be implicated in the control of cell size and sk ...
... that occasionally led to interdigital chondrogenesis. In contrast, c-myc overexpression did not interfere with other processes, such as muscle differentiation. Although based on overexpression experiments, our results suggest that endogenous c-Myc may be implicated in the control of cell size and sk ...
molecular mechanisms and regulation of k+ transport in higher plants
... Biochemical and reverse genetics analyses directly support this hypothesis in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis Shaker family, which comprises nine members, is to date the best-characterized family of plant transport systems. The available information (Table 1) (Figure 2) suggests that these channels are ...
... Biochemical and reverse genetics analyses directly support this hypothesis in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis Shaker family, which comprises nine members, is to date the best-characterized family of plant transport systems. The available information (Table 1) (Figure 2) suggests that these channels are ...
Changes in Typical Organelles in Developing Cotyledons of Soybean
... The cytoplasm was restricted to a thi:1 layer against the cell wall. Cell walls were ~ hin with many plasmodesmata. The cytoplasm con t a i ned numerous free ribosomes and mitochondria, also numerous plas tids which have deve loping grana structures and small starch grains, and small amounts of roug ...
... The cytoplasm was restricted to a thi:1 layer against the cell wall. Cell walls were ~ hin with many plasmodesmata. The cytoplasm con t a i ned numerous free ribosomes and mitochondria, also numerous plas tids which have deve loping grana structures and small starch grains, and small amounts of roug ...
Protection of Drosophila chromosome ends with minimal telomere
... protection and male fertility are not dramatically affected. Our study thus demonstrates that efficient protection of Drosophila telomeres can be achieved with surprisingly low amounts of capping complexes. We propose that these complexes prevent fusions by acting at the very extremity of chromosome ...
... protection and male fertility are not dramatically affected. Our study thus demonstrates that efficient protection of Drosophila telomeres can be achieved with surprisingly low amounts of capping complexes. We propose that these complexes prevent fusions by acting at the very extremity of chromosome ...
Journal of Phycology
... LBs observed by epifluorescence and LM. Preliminary tests with NR showed optimal staining at 4 mg mL 1, with emission at 580–625 nm (Fig. 2). Under NR staining, Isochrysis and Emiliania cells in late exponential phase showed red-staining cell membranes with large yellow-staining lipid vesicles ( ...
... LBs observed by epifluorescence and LM. Preliminary tests with NR showed optimal staining at 4 mg mL 1, with emission at 580–625 nm (Fig. 2). Under NR staining, Isochrysis and Emiliania cells in late exponential phase showed red-staining cell membranes with large yellow-staining lipid vesicles ( ...
Lipid Microdomains in Synapse Formation
... fluid−gel lipid phase separation together with headgroup specificity (e.g., PE) in SS-BLMs is the determining factor for transforming these contact sites into functional synaptic points. The question as to why PE headgroups are important in inducing presynaptic assembly requires more thorough investig ...
... fluid−gel lipid phase separation together with headgroup specificity (e.g., PE) in SS-BLMs is the determining factor for transforming these contact sites into functional synaptic points. The question as to why PE headgroups are important in inducing presynaptic assembly requires more thorough investig ...
Differential Subnuclear Localization of RNA Strands of Opposite
... this plant. At 2 days after inoculation, protoplasts were processed for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using Alexa Fluor 488–labeled riboprobes specific for the ( )- and ()strands of PSTVd. These riboprobes did not cross-hybridize between strands under our experimental conditions (Qi an ...
... this plant. At 2 days after inoculation, protoplasts were processed for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using Alexa Fluor 488–labeled riboprobes specific for the ( )- and ()strands of PSTVd. These riboprobes did not cross-hybridize between strands under our experimental conditions (Qi an ...
Ultrastructure of the Epidermal Cell Wall and Cuticle of Tomato Fruit
... restricted to any specific area of the cell wall but distributed along it. No labeling was detected ...
... restricted to any specific area of the cell wall but distributed along it. No labeling was detected ...
Hairy Root Transformation Using Agrobacterium
... members of a complementary DNA (cDNA) library into tomato (Solanum spp.) roots, which were then screened for resistance to fumonisin 1 (Harvey et al., 2008). In addition, A. rhizogenes-transformed tomato roots expressing the baculovirus p35 gene were used to demonstrate the existence in plants of pr ...
... members of a complementary DNA (cDNA) library into tomato (Solanum spp.) roots, which were then screened for resistance to fumonisin 1 (Harvey et al., 2008). In addition, A. rhizogenes-transformed tomato roots expressing the baculovirus p35 gene were used to demonstrate the existence in plants of pr ...
Bactericidal Action of the Reactive Species Produced by Gas
... is conferred by a murein layer, which is thicker in Grampositive bacteria (∼ 15–18 nm) than Gram-negative bacteria (∼ 2 nm), meaning a lower accumulated charge would be required for lysis of Gram-negative bacteria than Gram positive. In the second mechanism, oxidation and damage of membrane or cellu ...
... is conferred by a murein layer, which is thicker in Grampositive bacteria (∼ 15–18 nm) than Gram-negative bacteria (∼ 2 nm), meaning a lower accumulated charge would be required for lysis of Gram-negative bacteria than Gram positive. In the second mechanism, oxidation and damage of membrane or cellu ...
Characterization of CIC transporter proteins Moradi, Hossein
... transported is established. The Nernst potential considers next to the difference in concentration also the fact that charges are transported. As soon as for instance K+ flows through a potassium-specific channel it leaves a negative charge behind and thus a potential difference across the membrane ...
... transported is established. The Nernst potential considers next to the difference in concentration also the fact that charges are transported. As soon as for instance K+ flows through a potassium-specific channel it leaves a negative charge behind and thus a potential difference across the membrane ...
Production and Characterization of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Using
... proamylin in between (Figure 5) [25, 26]. This 22-amino acid signal sequence targets amylin to the endoplasmic reticulum, a principal route of nearly all secretory proteins. There, the signal sequence gets cleaved off to yield proamylin which, in the late Golgi and the secretory vesicles, is convert ...
... proamylin in between (Figure 5) [25, 26]. This 22-amino acid signal sequence targets amylin to the endoplasmic reticulum, a principal route of nearly all secretory proteins. There, the signal sequence gets cleaved off to yield proamylin which, in the late Golgi and the secretory vesicles, is convert ...
FtsZ - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
The Development of Radial and Biradial Symmetry: The Evolution of
... other metazoans appear to display these developmental features (Goldstein and Freeman, 1997). It is interesting to note, however, that the oral pole of adult cnidarians (hydrozoans) is generated from the posterior pole of the planula larva. This seems to indicate that there is an "inversion" of axia ...
... other metazoans appear to display these developmental features (Goldstein and Freeman, 1997). It is interesting to note, however, that the oral pole of adult cnidarians (hydrozoans) is generated from the posterior pole of the planula larva. This seems to indicate that there is an "inversion" of axia ...
Characterization and Biological Activities of Ocellatin Peptides from
... consistent with similar values found in the hydrophobic moment predictions and with the suggestion by King et al.21 that differences in hydrophobicity are not of major importance in accounting for the antimicrobial potencies. However, the hydrophilic regions are more variable, which could be related ...
... consistent with similar values found in the hydrophobic moment predictions and with the suggestion by King et al.21 that differences in hydrophobicity are not of major importance in accounting for the antimicrobial potencies. However, the hydrophilic regions are more variable, which could be related ...
- Wiley Online Library
... adhesive tubular appendages of Salmonella enterica serovar S. Typhimurium. The appendages interconnected bacteria in biofilms grown on gallstones or coverslips, or attached bacteria to host cells (human neutrophils). The tubular appendage diameter of bacteria of virulent flagellated C53 strain varie ...
... adhesive tubular appendages of Salmonella enterica serovar S. Typhimurium. The appendages interconnected bacteria in biofilms grown on gallstones or coverslips, or attached bacteria to host cells (human neutrophils). The tubular appendage diameter of bacteria of virulent flagellated C53 strain varie ...
Targeted wild-type and jerker espins reveal a novel, WH2
... perinuclear region and plasma membrane. In nine out of nine cells analyzed, the barbed end of the S1 faced the plasma membrane, suggesting a barbed-end-out polarity for the espininduced CABs and their constituent filaments (Fig. 2B-D). The spatial relationship to the centrosome (Fig. 1F-H), and espe ...
... perinuclear region and plasma membrane. In nine out of nine cells analyzed, the barbed end of the S1 faced the plasma membrane, suggesting a barbed-end-out polarity for the espininduced CABs and their constituent filaments (Fig. 2B-D). The spatial relationship to the centrosome (Fig. 1F-H), and espe ...
A Cyanobacterial Chlorophyll Synthase-HliD
... maltoside, and the extract applied to an anti-FLAG affinity column. Following extensive washing, the eluted material was separated by SDS-PAGE (Figure 1A). The Coomassie blue– stained bands were digested with trypsin and identified by MS. In addition to the FLAG-ChlG protein used as bait, we identified ...
... maltoside, and the extract applied to an anti-FLAG affinity column. Following extensive washing, the eluted material was separated by SDS-PAGE (Figure 1A). The Coomassie blue– stained bands were digested with trypsin and identified by MS. In addition to the FLAG-ChlG protein used as bait, we identified ...
Role of lipids in the translocation of proteins across membranes
... precursors, such as prepro-α-factor, however, follow a SRPindependent post-translational pathway. In this case, the energy needed to drive translocation is derived from ATP hydrolysis by the lumenal Hsp70 family member Bip. A tetrameric complex consisting of Sec62p, Sec63p, Sec71 and Sec72 is involv ...
... precursors, such as prepro-α-factor, however, follow a SRPindependent post-translational pathway. In this case, the energy needed to drive translocation is derived from ATP hydrolysis by the lumenal Hsp70 family member Bip. A tetrameric complex consisting of Sec62p, Sec63p, Sec71 and Sec72 is involv ...
Secondary Cell Walls: Biosynthesis, Patterned
... and secondary walls (Nicol et al. 1998, Szyjanowicz et al. 2004). Although KOR does not associate with the secondary wall CesA complex (Szyjanowicz et al. 2004), it has been shown to be an integral part of the primary wall CesA complex (Vain et al. 2014). KOR is proposed to function as a cellulase i ...
... and secondary walls (Nicol et al. 1998, Szyjanowicz et al. 2004). Although KOR does not associate with the secondary wall CesA complex (Szyjanowicz et al. 2004), it has been shown to be an integral part of the primary wall CesA complex (Vain et al. 2014). KOR is proposed to function as a cellulase i ...
Regulators of Lysosome Function and Dynamics in Caenorhabditis
... from the biosynthetic pathway to lysosomes, a process referred to as lysosome biogenesis (MULLINS AND BONIFACINO 2001; LUZIO et al. 2003). Much remains to be discovered about molecular regulation of these complex fusion, fission, and reformation reactions in the late endocytic pathway. We had made P ...
... from the biosynthetic pathway to lysosomes, a process referred to as lysosome biogenesis (MULLINS AND BONIFACINO 2001; LUZIO et al. 2003). Much remains to be discovered about molecular regulation of these complex fusion, fission, and reformation reactions in the late endocytic pathway. We had made P ...
Extended PDF
... 2011). Fiber release is mediated via an adaptor protein TapA, which forms D-amino acid-sensitive foci in the cell wall and is required for the formation of the fibers and their anchorage to the cell wall (Romero et al., 2011). D-amino acids were also found to inhibit biofilm formation by other bacte ...
... 2011). Fiber release is mediated via an adaptor protein TapA, which forms D-amino acid-sensitive foci in the cell wall and is required for the formation of the fibers and their anchorage to the cell wall (Romero et al., 2011). D-amino acids were also found to inhibit biofilm formation by other bacte ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.