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... An essential step in the determination of structure-function relationships at a molecular level is to investigate the intrinsic properties of isolated proteins, via molecular biology, biochemical and structural approaches [1–3]. However, it is also necessary to study protein function in an integrate ...
... An essential step in the determination of structure-function relationships at a molecular level is to investigate the intrinsic properties of isolated proteins, via molecular biology, biochemical and structural approaches [1–3]. However, it is also necessary to study protein function in an integrate ...
Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads
... have been detected in the genomes of animals (group A and B), fungi (group C), plants (group D), and some protists of the Excavata and SAR supergroups (group E) (3). Annexin diversity has been well studied in animals and plants, but comparatively little is known about the evolution, diversity, and c ...
... have been detected in the genomes of animals (group A and B), fungi (group C), plants (group D), and some protists of the Excavata and SAR supergroups (group E) (3). Annexin diversity has been well studied in animals and plants, but comparatively little is known about the evolution, diversity, and c ...
Integration of light and metabolic signals for stem cell
... was additive (Figure 1J). Light and sucrose also had a similar effect on the regulation ...
... was additive (Figure 1J). Light and sucrose also had a similar effect on the regulation ...
Profilin regulates the activity of p42 , a novel Myb
... p42POP is a widely expressed nuclear protein p42POP expression was analysed by using quantitative PCR and subsequent Southern blot on standardized samples of various embryonic stages and adult mouse tissues. POP transcripts were identified in all adult tissues tested and were already present in mous ...
... p42POP is a widely expressed nuclear protein p42POP expression was analysed by using quantitative PCR and subsequent Southern blot on standardized samples of various embryonic stages and adult mouse tissues. POP transcripts were identified in all adult tissues tested and were already present in mous ...
Ways of Ion Channel Gating in Plant Cells
... led to identi®cation of more than 70 plant protein kinase genes (Stone and Walker, 1995). However, the precise function of speci®c protein kinases and phosphatases during plant growth and development has been elucidated in only a few cases (Stone and Walker, 1995). POTA S S I U M C H A N N E L S Ion ...
... led to identi®cation of more than 70 plant protein kinase genes (Stone and Walker, 1995). However, the precise function of speci®c protein kinases and phosphatases during plant growth and development has been elucidated in only a few cases (Stone and Walker, 1995). POTA S S I U M C H A N N E L S Ion ...
Cellular control of cholesterol
... The epithelial cells that line the small intestine absorb cholesterol from the food we eat. The first step in this process is to breakdown the fat into smaller particles from which lipids and cholesterol can be extracted. Fats are digested by lipases and solubilized by bile from the liver. The combi ...
... The epithelial cells that line the small intestine absorb cholesterol from the food we eat. The first step in this process is to breakdown the fat into smaller particles from which lipids and cholesterol can be extracted. Fats are digested by lipases and solubilized by bile from the liver. The combi ...
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... readily detected in the exocoelomic fluid and within 15min of injection in the case of that conceptus nearest the injection site. Entry into the exocoel was clearly by way of the paraplacental chorion, as evidenced by diffuse fluorescence around the trophoblastic giant cells and cytotrophoblast, and ...
... readily detected in the exocoelomic fluid and within 15min of injection in the case of that conceptus nearest the injection site. Entry into the exocoel was clearly by way of the paraplacental chorion, as evidenced by diffuse fluorescence around the trophoblastic giant cells and cytotrophoblast, and ...
The Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit as a Drug Target in
... including proliferation, chemotaxis and survival [41]. It is well established that c-Kit activates SFKs but the function in terms of signal transduction is less clear [42, 43]. On the cell biological level it has been demonstrated that SFK are involved c-Kit internalization [44]. Furthermore, using ...
... including proliferation, chemotaxis and survival [41]. It is well established that c-Kit activates SFKs but the function in terms of signal transduction is less clear [42, 43]. On the cell biological level it has been demonstrated that SFK are involved c-Kit internalization [44]. Furthermore, using ...
physiology of ion transport across the tonoplast of higher plants
... The enzyme resembles the F0F1-ATPases (F-ATPases) of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and eubacteria in their multimeric structure, lack of a phosphorylated intermediate, and insensitivity to vanadate (84). An evolutionary relationship between F-type and V-type ATPases is indicated by sequence homologies ...
... The enzyme resembles the F0F1-ATPases (F-ATPases) of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and eubacteria in their multimeric structure, lack of a phosphorylated intermediate, and insensitivity to vanadate (84). An evolutionary relationship between F-type and V-type ATPases is indicated by sequence homologies ...
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... it is generally accepted that in plants the TGN functions like the early endosome compartment (EE) in animal cells [41,46,47]. The next structure labeled by FM4-64 is the MVB/PVC which suggests that it is the plant equivalent of the late endosome compartment (LE) in animal cells. In plant cells, aci ...
... it is generally accepted that in plants the TGN functions like the early endosome compartment (EE) in animal cells [41,46,47]. The next structure labeled by FM4-64 is the MVB/PVC which suggests that it is the plant equivalent of the late endosome compartment (LE) in animal cells. In plant cells, aci ...
Multiple Wnts and Frizzled Receptors Regulate Anteriorly Directed
... metazoans (Wodarz and Nusse, 1998). Like other morphogens such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Wnt gradients can be critical in organizing body patterns (Zecca et al., 1996). In C. elegans, Wnts play an important role in regulating asymmetric cell divisions (Herman et ...
... metazoans (Wodarz and Nusse, 1998). Like other morphogens such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Wnt gradients can be critical in organizing body patterns (Zecca et al., 1996). In C. elegans, Wnts play an important role in regulating asymmetric cell divisions (Herman et ...
Cell Functions Phospholipid-Binding Motif that Regulates T Subunit
... the number of TCR ITAMs available for phosphorylation directly regulates both positive and negative selection processes in the thymus (6, 7). Moreover, a minimal number of functional ITAMs within the TCR complex is needed to prevent autoimmunity, demonstrating that the regulation of ITAM phosphoryla ...
... the number of TCR ITAMs available for phosphorylation directly regulates both positive and negative selection processes in the thymus (6, 7). Moreover, a minimal number of functional ITAMs within the TCR complex is needed to prevent autoimmunity, demonstrating that the regulation of ITAM phosphoryla ...
Solid-Phase Synthesis, Characterization, and Cellular Activities of
... desorption rate prior to the site of intended delivery.11 Covalent attachment methods are either not discriminatory in terms of where the ND binds the peptide or protein or are limited in the length and complexity of peptide that can be bound.24–27 Furthermore, characterization of the ND surface aft ...
... desorption rate prior to the site of intended delivery.11 Covalent attachment methods are either not discriminatory in terms of where the ND binds the peptide or protein or are limited in the length and complexity of peptide that can be bound.24–27 Furthermore, characterization of the ND surface aft ...
1. The BCL-2 Family Reunion.
... ensues. We recognize that inhibition of the antiapoptotic repertoire contributes to MOMP, but contend it most efficiently occurs following the combined efforts of direct activator and sensitizer/ derepressor BH3-only proteins, as recently suggested by elegant experiments in vivo (Merino et al., 2009 ...
... ensues. We recognize that inhibition of the antiapoptotic repertoire contributes to MOMP, but contend it most efficiently occurs following the combined efforts of direct activator and sensitizer/ derepressor BH3-only proteins, as recently suggested by elegant experiments in vivo (Merino et al., 2009 ...
Cleavage modification did not alter early blastomere fates
... than its partners 1ai12, 1bi12 and 1ci12 (Figure S1), while the cell 1de11 divides 2h later than its quar- ...
... than its partners 1ai12, 1bi12 and 1ci12 (Figure S1), while the cell 1de11 divides 2h later than its quar- ...
Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein Isoforms as Markers for Vacuolar Functions
... the tonoplast composition of lytic vacuoles could be determined and compared with that of other vacuole types. By comparing the amino acid sequences of TIP isoforms, we found that the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail sequences were diverse enough to allow generation of antibodies specific for the differe ...
... the tonoplast composition of lytic vacuoles could be determined and compared with that of other vacuole types. By comparing the amino acid sequences of TIP isoforms, we found that the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail sequences were diverse enough to allow generation of antibodies specific for the differe ...
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... the tonoplast composition of lytic vacuoles could be determined and compared with that of other vacuole types. By comparing the amino acid sequences of TIP isoforms, we found that the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail sequences were diverse enough to allow generation of antibodies specific for the differe ...
... the tonoplast composition of lytic vacuoles could be determined and compared with that of other vacuole types. By comparing the amino acid sequences of TIP isoforms, we found that the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail sequences were diverse enough to allow generation of antibodies specific for the differe ...
Full Text - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
... the inducing factors could be found in the phenol layer (where proteins will be dissolved). Inducing factors as other simple proteins will be not irreversibly denatured by phenol. Nucleic acids and polysaccharides enriched in the aqueous phase did not show any inducing activity (Tiedemann and Tiedem ...
... the inducing factors could be found in the phenol layer (where proteins will be dissolved). Inducing factors as other simple proteins will be not irreversibly denatured by phenol. Nucleic acids and polysaccharides enriched in the aqueous phase did not show any inducing activity (Tiedemann and Tiedem ...
Chiral blastomere arrangement dictates zygotic left
... To examine directly the role and timing of blastomere arrangements on shell coiling, we have used micromanipulation to reverse the genetically specified third-cleavage directions in both sinistral and dextral embryos of L. stagnalis. At metaphase-anaphase (for dextral snails) or telophase (for sinis ...
... To examine directly the role and timing of blastomere arrangements on shell coiling, we have used micromanipulation to reverse the genetically specified third-cleavage directions in both sinistral and dextral embryos of L. stagnalis. At metaphase-anaphase (for dextral snails) or telophase (for sinis ...
GLABRA2 Directly Suppresses Basic Helix-Loop
... negative regulator of root hair development because it is expressed preferentially in N cell files and because mutant defects in GL2 result in ectopic root hair formation in N cell files (Rerie et al., 1994; Di Cristina et al., 1996; Masucci et al., 1996). GL2 is activated in a cell file-specific ma ...
... negative regulator of root hair development because it is expressed preferentially in N cell files and because mutant defects in GL2 result in ectopic root hair formation in N cell files (Rerie et al., 1994; Di Cristina et al., 1996; Masucci et al., 1996). GL2 is activated in a cell file-specific ma ...
ARVO 2015 Annual Meeting Abstracts 164 Cornea endothelium
... the size of HCEC monolayers to 4.4 ± 0.6 mm without but to 11.0 ± 0.6 mm in diameter with weekly knockdown by p120-Kaiso siRNAs from 1/8 corneoscleral rim after 6 weeks of culture. The use of MESCM medium containing LIF was important because LIF promoted expansion of HCEC monolayers by delaying cont ...
... the size of HCEC monolayers to 4.4 ± 0.6 mm without but to 11.0 ± 0.6 mm in diameter with weekly knockdown by p120-Kaiso siRNAs from 1/8 corneoscleral rim after 6 weeks of culture. The use of MESCM medium containing LIF was important because LIF promoted expansion of HCEC monolayers by delaying cont ...
43 Confocal and Multi-Photon Imaging of Living Embryos
... but this remarkable transformation occurs in three spatial dimensions. The coordinated changes that occur within the developing embryo include carefully orchestrated signaling events, changes in gene expression, and morphogenetic movements, that is, regulated cell divisions and cell movements that s ...
... but this remarkable transformation occurs in three spatial dimensions. The coordinated changes that occur within the developing embryo include carefully orchestrated signaling events, changes in gene expression, and morphogenetic movements, that is, regulated cell divisions and cell movements that s ...
Subcellular Trafficking of Mammalian Lysosomal Proteins: An
... by contrast to the first two members of this family, AP-3 and AP-4 appear to be involved in both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent vesicular transport mechanisms. Both the YXXΦ and [D/E]XXXL[L/I] motifs are recognized by AP-3, whereas only YXXΦ motifs seem to bind to AP-4. AP-5, the last m ...
... by contrast to the first two members of this family, AP-3 and AP-4 appear to be involved in both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent vesicular transport mechanisms. Both the YXXΦ and [D/E]XXXL[L/I] motifs are recognized by AP-3, whereas only YXXΦ motifs seem to bind to AP-4. AP-5, the last m ...
Bax cleavage is mediated by calpain during drug-induced
... Figure 2 Characterization of the Bax cleavage enzyme. (a) The location of Bax cleavage activity was examined by incubating 35Smethionine-labeled Bax with buer alone (B) or heavy membrane (M) or cytosol (C) extracts from untreated HL-60 cells at time zero (U) or 12 h after 9-AC treatment (T) as desc ...
... Figure 2 Characterization of the Bax cleavage enzyme. (a) The location of Bax cleavage activity was examined by incubating 35Smethionine-labeled Bax with buer alone (B) or heavy membrane (M) or cytosol (C) extracts from untreated HL-60 cells at time zero (U) or 12 h after 9-AC treatment (T) as desc ...
Photosynthesis Research
... sufficiently detached as to form a loop extending away from the main body of the chloroplast. Six grana in the loop are very conspicuous, and two arrows point to fine threads connecting grana just at the limit of resolution of the phase microscope. This partial disruption of isolated chloroplasts can ...
... sufficiently detached as to form a loop extending away from the main body of the chloroplast. Six grana in the loop are very conspicuous, and two arrows point to fine threads connecting grana just at the limit of resolution of the phase microscope. This partial disruption of isolated chloroplasts can ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.