6.2 Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen
... complex with the ATP-reduced azoferredoxin complex. At this points, electrons are transferred from azoferredoxin to molybdoferredozin with ATP hydrolysis. Since azoferredoxin is a one electron carrier, the reduction of a nitrogen molecule requires six oxidationreduction cycles with the hydrolysi ...
... complex with the ATP-reduced azoferredoxin complex. At this points, electrons are transferred from azoferredoxin to molybdoferredozin with ATP hydrolysis. Since azoferredoxin is a one electron carrier, the reduction of a nitrogen molecule requires six oxidationreduction cycles with the hydrolysi ...
as a PDF
... lated by iron deficiency (11). This transporter thus appears to be the key mediator of intestinal iron absorption, but has also a function in peripheral tissues. DCT1 is a member of the “natural resistanceassociated macrophage protein” (Nramp) family (12) and the mouse homologue was thus called Nram ...
... lated by iron deficiency (11). This transporter thus appears to be the key mediator of intestinal iron absorption, but has also a function in peripheral tissues. DCT1 is a member of the “natural resistanceassociated macrophage protein” (Nramp) family (12) and the mouse homologue was thus called Nram ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... completely oxidized by the citrate cycle to generate CO2, whereas, under anaerobic (lacking O2) conditions, it is either converted to lactate, or to ethanol + CO2 (fermentation). ...
... completely oxidized by the citrate cycle to generate CO2, whereas, under anaerobic (lacking O2) conditions, it is either converted to lactate, or to ethanol + CO2 (fermentation). ...
Towards a molecular understanding of adaptive thermogenesis
... protonmotive force directly to heat. Mitochondrial proton leaks are a biophysical property of proteolipid bilayers juxtaposed between a strong protonmotive force18. They are also catalysed by specific inner-membrane proteins such as uncoupling protein (UCP)-1, UCP-2 and UCP-3. These proteins will be ...
... protonmotive force directly to heat. Mitochondrial proton leaks are a biophysical property of proteolipid bilayers juxtaposed between a strong protonmotive force18. They are also catalysed by specific inner-membrane proteins such as uncoupling protein (UCP)-1, UCP-2 and UCP-3. These proteins will be ...
2 H
... Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle ...
... Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle ...
Lecture 22 – New HW assignment – Anaerobic metabolism (continued) – Other sugars
... Enzymes for converting PEP to glucose are in the cytosol. Intermediates need to cross barriers in order for gluconeogenesis. OAA must leave the mitochondria for conversion to PEP or PEP formed in the mitochondria must go to the cytosol. PEP tranported across the membrane by specific proteins. ...
... Enzymes for converting PEP to glucose are in the cytosol. Intermediates need to cross barriers in order for gluconeogenesis. OAA must leave the mitochondria for conversion to PEP or PEP formed in the mitochondria must go to the cytosol. PEP tranported across the membrane by specific proteins. ...
TCA cycle cross products (also known as “nothing is simple” My
... enzymes that allow the cycle to run in reverse: ATP citrate lyase, 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and fumarate reductase. 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzes the carboxylation of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, ATP citrate lyase the ATP-dependent cleavage of citrate to acet ...
... enzymes that allow the cycle to run in reverse: ATP citrate lyase, 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and fumarate reductase. 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzes the carboxylation of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, ATP citrate lyase the ATP-dependent cleavage of citrate to acet ...
NADH by James South
... "sparks" thrown off during Krebs’ cycle oxidation and shuttles them to the electron transport side chain energy production cycle. Each unit of NADH is capable of generating three units of ATP energy. In a very real sense, NADH is the "energy of life" coenzyme. NAD(H) is a relatively large and comple ...
... "sparks" thrown off during Krebs’ cycle oxidation and shuttles them to the electron transport side chain energy production cycle. Each unit of NADH is capable of generating three units of ATP energy. In a very real sense, NADH is the "energy of life" coenzyme. NAD(H) is a relatively large and comple ...
ENERGY CURRENCY
... order for it to be utilized, it first must be converted into ATP. In order for this conversion to occur, oxidative pathways must be available. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and is found in all cells. It is actually classified as a coenzyme . In its reduced high energy form it is official ...
... order for it to be utilized, it first must be converted into ATP. In order for this conversion to occur, oxidative pathways must be available. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and is found in all cells. It is actually classified as a coenzyme . In its reduced high energy form it is official ...
Bis2A 5.5: Fermentation and regeneration of NAD+
... Imagine the world where fermentation is the primary mode for extracting energy from small molecules. As populations thrive, they reproduce and consume the abundance of small reduced organic molecules in the environment, producing acids. One consequence is the acidi cation (decrease of pH) of the env ...
... Imagine the world where fermentation is the primary mode for extracting energy from small molecules. As populations thrive, they reproduce and consume the abundance of small reduced organic molecules in the environment, producing acids. One consequence is the acidi cation (decrease of pH) of the env ...
The Citric acid cycle
... The Citric acid cycle It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - ...
... The Citric acid cycle It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - ...
Lecture 20
... glycogen • Average man of about 150 lbs has 200-500g of muscle glycogen • This muscle glycogen equals 8002000 cal of energy • Glucose is used to power moderate to high-intensity activity ...
... glycogen • Average man of about 150 lbs has 200-500g of muscle glycogen • This muscle glycogen equals 8002000 cal of energy • Glucose is used to power moderate to high-intensity activity ...
Mechanism of Thymidylate Synthase, Cont`d
... Dehydrogenase • GAPDH is one of the key enzymes for glycolysis, reversibly catalyzes the first glycolytic reaction to involve oxidation-reduction • It converts the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into the high energy phosphate compound, 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), using NAD+ as a cofactor • BPG ...
... Dehydrogenase • GAPDH is one of the key enzymes for glycolysis, reversibly catalyzes the first glycolytic reaction to involve oxidation-reduction • It converts the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into the high energy phosphate compound, 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), using NAD+ as a cofactor • BPG ...
Chapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism
... The non starch dietary carbohydrates, lactose and sucrose, are converted to monosaccharides with the help of lactase and sucrase enzymes, respectively. • Lactose is hydrolyzed to galactose and glucose. • Sucrose is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose. It is critical that oligosaccharides and polysac ...
... The non starch dietary carbohydrates, lactose and sucrose, are converted to monosaccharides with the help of lactase and sucrase enzymes, respectively. • Lactose is hydrolyzed to galactose and glucose. • Sucrose is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose. It is critical that oligosaccharides and polysac ...
PDF - MD Body and Med spa
... Alternatively you can email any problems to Dr. Brookes who will reply to your message as soon as possible ([email protected]). Other pages related to this topic ...
... Alternatively you can email any problems to Dr. Brookes who will reply to your message as soon as possible ([email protected]). Other pages related to this topic ...
AA lecture 2 urea cycle
... • Urea is a major source of nitrogen for oral bacteria. • It diffuses through most membranes and is in saliva. • Bacterial urease produces NH4+. • Glutamate dehydrogenase incorporates NH4+ into -keto acids to obtain amino acids for bacterial growth. ...
... • Urea is a major source of nitrogen for oral bacteria. • It diffuses through most membranes and is in saliva. • Bacterial urease produces NH4+. • Glutamate dehydrogenase incorporates NH4+ into -keto acids to obtain amino acids for bacterial growth. ...
EXERCISE 7 Cellular Respiration
... breaking bonds in these molecules, energy is released in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATP can be used to drive a number of cellular metabolic reactions in an organism. The following chemical reaction illustrates the overall reaction that occurs in respiration. ...
... breaking bonds in these molecules, energy is released in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATP can be used to drive a number of cellular metabolic reactions in an organism. The following chemical reaction illustrates the overall reaction that occurs in respiration. ...
Slide 1
... ETC As electrons pass down chain, H+ ions are pumped into inter-mitochondrial space making a charge gradient. Gradient provides energy for ATP synthase to add the P group. At the end of the chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with H+ and oxygen to form water, a by-product of electron ...
... ETC As electrons pass down chain, H+ ions are pumped into inter-mitochondrial space making a charge gradient. Gradient provides energy for ATP synthase to add the P group. At the end of the chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with H+ and oxygen to form water, a by-product of electron ...
Lesson 4.2 Link Reaction and Krebs Cycle
... coenzyme A to produce Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Another oxidation reaction occurs when NAD+ collects more hydrogen ions. This forms reduced NAD (NADH + H+) No ATP is produced in this reaction. ...
... coenzyme A to produce Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Another oxidation reaction occurs when NAD+ collects more hydrogen ions. This forms reduced NAD (NADH + H+) No ATP is produced in this reaction. ...
Reaction of glycolysis
... tissues, such as actively metabolizing muscle. NAD+ is recycled in the process • In some organisms, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in a process requiring thiamine pyrophosphate as a coenzyme ...
... tissues, such as actively metabolizing muscle. NAD+ is recycled in the process • In some organisms, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in a process requiring thiamine pyrophosphate as a coenzyme ...
An Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle
... form of CO2 in the successive decarboxylations catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. 2. Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions. Two molecules of NAD+ are reduced in the oxidative decarboxylations of isocitrate and a -ketoglutarate, ...
... form of CO2 in the successive decarboxylations catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. 2. Four pairs of hydrogen atoms leave the cycle in four oxidation reactions. Two molecules of NAD+ are reduced in the oxidative decarboxylations of isocitrate and a -ketoglutarate, ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.