Prm1p, a Pheromone-regulated Multispanning Membrane Protein
... turned to the model system of yeast mating, in which two haploid cells fuse to produce a diploid. The mating reaction proceeds, briefly, as follows. Haploids exist as one of two mating types, a or ␣, which secrete a pheromone (a factor or ␣ factor, respectively) that cells of the opposite mating typ ...
... turned to the model system of yeast mating, in which two haploid cells fuse to produce a diploid. The mating reaction proceeds, briefly, as follows. Haploids exist as one of two mating types, a or ␣, which secrete a pheromone (a factor or ␣ factor, respectively) that cells of the opposite mating typ ...
Dishevelled 2 signaling promotes self
... similar to those used to characterize normal neural stem cells. These cells demonstrate a significant tumor-initiating ability, are capable of self-renewal, and express neural stem cell markers, such as Nestin and CD133, but not markers of the differentiated neural lineage (3-7). Although these cell ...
... similar to those used to characterize normal neural stem cells. These cells demonstrate a significant tumor-initiating ability, are capable of self-renewal, and express neural stem cell markers, such as Nestin and CD133, but not markers of the differentiated neural lineage (3-7). Although these cell ...
The Parkinson`s disease protein -synuclein disrupts
... events. Tethering factors facilitate the docking of vesicles onto target membranes. In the absence of !-syn, adding the tethering factor Uso1 (the yeast homolog of p115 in humans) to vesicle budding reactions reduced the amount of freely diffusible vesicles (from 45% to 29%) because they were now te ...
... events. Tethering factors facilitate the docking of vesicles onto target membranes. In the absence of !-syn, adding the tethering factor Uso1 (the yeast homolog of p115 in humans) to vesicle budding reactions reduced the amount of freely diffusible vesicles (from 45% to 29%) because they were now te ...
Should reflectance confocal microscopy be the gold standard for
... mostly contain basaloid cells and are mostly ellipsoidal in shape. They may also contain very bright, branched cells, which are consistent with melanocytes, and bright granules that correspond to melanosomes [7,8] . ‘Clefting’ is often observed using conventional histology and corresponds to darker ...
... mostly contain basaloid cells and are mostly ellipsoidal in shape. They may also contain very bright, branched cells, which are consistent with melanocytes, and bright granules that correspond to melanosomes [7,8] . ‘Clefting’ is often observed using conventional histology and corresponds to darker ...
Cell shape changes indicate a role for extrinsic tensile forces in
... the convergence and extension movements that elongate and narrow embryonic tissues. To understand the collective cell behaviours underlying tissue morphogenesis, we have continuously quantified cell intercalation and cell shape change during GBE. We show that the fast, early phase of GBE depends on ...
... the convergence and extension movements that elongate and narrow embryonic tissues. To understand the collective cell behaviours underlying tissue morphogenesis, we have continuously quantified cell intercalation and cell shape change during GBE. We show that the fast, early phase of GBE depends on ...
The Role of Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen in
... Antibodies, Chemicals, and Reagents. The monoclonal anti-T antigen antibody was developed as described (26). The TIB-166 hybridoma, producing immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane (1 g/spot). After blocking with rat monoclonal anti-galectin-3 (anti-Mac-2) was purchased from American 2% solutio ...
... Antibodies, Chemicals, and Reagents. The monoclonal anti-T antigen antibody was developed as described (26). The TIB-166 hybridoma, producing immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane (1 g/spot). After blocking with rat monoclonal anti-galectin-3 (anti-Mac-2) was purchased from American 2% solutio ...
Cell Wall Loosening by Expansins
... but not in other tissues or species (pollen allergens from ragweed and other species outside the grass family are not homologous with the group-1 allergens); (b) vegetative homologs of the group-1 allergens expressed in grass seedlings (not in pollen), at least seven of which are expressed in young ...
... but not in other tissues or species (pollen allergens from ragweed and other species outside the grass family are not homologous with the group-1 allergens); (b) vegetative homologs of the group-1 allergens expressed in grass seedlings (not in pollen), at least seven of which are expressed in young ...
Stabilization Proliferative Potential and Telomere Length Increased
... pressing cells maintained a normal karyotype, and required antigenic stimulation and IL-2 for continued proliferation (data not shown). The hTERT⫹ CD8⫹ T cells maintained high levels of telomerase activity throughout the culture period (data not shown), suggesting that the increased proliferative po ...
... pressing cells maintained a normal karyotype, and required antigenic stimulation and IL-2 for continued proliferation (data not shown). The hTERT⫹ CD8⫹ T cells maintained high levels of telomerase activity throughout the culture period (data not shown), suggesting that the increased proliferative po ...
Cannibalism and fratricide: mechanisms and raisons d`être
... of the intracellular aspartyl-phosphate phosphatases RapA, RapB and RapE, respectively21. Inactivation of these phosphatases stimulates sporulation by allowing KinA–E to phosphorylate their target response regulator Spo0F, and the subsequent transfer of phosphoryl groups from Spo0F~P to the master r ...
... of the intracellular aspartyl-phosphate phosphatases RapA, RapB and RapE, respectively21. Inactivation of these phosphatases stimulates sporulation by allowing KinA–E to phosphorylate their target response regulator Spo0F, and the subsequent transfer of phosphoryl groups from Spo0F~P to the master r ...
Polycystin-2 functions as an intracellular calcium release channel.
... subfamily of the TRP channel superfamily11. Immunocytochemical colocalization, subcellular fractionation and endoglycosidase H (Endo H) sensitivity analyses have established that epithelial cells express polycystin-2 exclusively in pre-medial Golgi membranes, most notably the ER9,12. In addition, th ...
... subfamily of the TRP channel superfamily11. Immunocytochemical colocalization, subcellular fractionation and endoglycosidase H (Endo H) sensitivity analyses have established that epithelial cells express polycystin-2 exclusively in pre-medial Golgi membranes, most notably the ER9,12. In addition, th ...
Histochemical Polymorphism of Keratin Pearls in Squamous Cell
... The results of histological and histochemical analyses detected three types of keratin pearls of different structures and tinctorial features: eosinophilic or tionine-positive, PAS-positive (containing glycogen) and light or sudanophilic (containing lipids). Eosinophilic keratin pearls are formed of ...
... The results of histological and histochemical analyses detected three types of keratin pearls of different structures and tinctorial features: eosinophilic or tionine-positive, PAS-positive (containing glycogen) and light or sudanophilic (containing lipids). Eosinophilic keratin pearls are formed of ...
Anthraquinone emodin inhibits human cancer
... P2X7-small interfering RNA (siRNA) or scrambled siRNA, which were purchased from Tebu-Bio (Le Perray-en-Yvelines, France) as described previously (29), using Lipofectamine RNAi max (Invitrogen, France) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and used 24 h after transfection. The efficiency of r ...
... P2X7-small interfering RNA (siRNA) or scrambled siRNA, which were purchased from Tebu-Bio (Le Perray-en-Yvelines, France) as described previously (29), using Lipofectamine RNAi max (Invitrogen, France) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and used 24 h after transfection. The efficiency of r ...
A Deficiency in Drak2 Results in a T Cell
... costimulatory molecules, and TNFR family members were equivalent between Drak2⫺/⫺ and wt T cells (Figure 3C). However, after suboptimal stimulation with antiCD3, the levels of various costimulatory markers varied between wt and Drak2⫺/⫺ T cells. The greatest difference was in the level of CD25 (Figu ...
... costimulatory molecules, and TNFR family members were equivalent between Drak2⫺/⫺ and wt T cells (Figure 3C). However, after suboptimal stimulation with antiCD3, the levels of various costimulatory markers varied between wt and Drak2⫺/⫺ T cells. The greatest difference was in the level of CD25 (Figu ...
Lecture2
... penetrates the blastodisc on the yolk, and a new life begins (as blastoderm). When the egg is laid, the blastodisc contains several hundred cells. When the egg cools, embryonic development stops. Embryonic development starts again when the temperature is increased. If the temperature is then decreas ...
... penetrates the blastodisc on the yolk, and a new life begins (as blastoderm). When the egg is laid, the blastodisc contains several hundred cells. When the egg cools, embryonic development stops. Embryonic development starts again when the temperature is increased. If the temperature is then decreas ...
TORC2 Signaling is Antagonized by Protein Phosphatase
... comprised of the Rho GTPases, Rho1 and Rho2, the Rho GDP-GTP exchange factor Rom2, and the Rho GTPase activating protein Sac7. Activated GTP-bound Rho1 activates Pkc1, which activates the cell wall integrity pathway MAP kinase cascade, Bck1-Mkk1/2-Mpk1. Activation of Rho1 and the cell wall integrity ...
... comprised of the Rho GTPases, Rho1 and Rho2, the Rho GDP-GTP exchange factor Rom2, and the Rho GTPase activating protein Sac7. Activated GTP-bound Rho1 activates Pkc1, which activates the cell wall integrity pathway MAP kinase cascade, Bck1-Mkk1/2-Mpk1. Activation of Rho1 and the cell wall integrity ...
Fig. 3D - Journal of Cell Science
... shRNA cells with a red fluorescent dye (CMTPX) and mixed them with normal MDCK cells at a ratio of 1:10. The mixture of cells was cultured in the absence of tetracycline until a monolayer was formed. We then added tetracycline to induce knockdown of Scribble and followed the fate of Scribble-knockdo ...
... shRNA cells with a red fluorescent dye (CMTPX) and mixed them with normal MDCK cells at a ratio of 1:10. The mixture of cells was cultured in the absence of tetracycline until a monolayer was formed. We then added tetracycline to induce knockdown of Scribble and followed the fate of Scribble-knockdo ...
Rewiring the retinal ganglion cell gene regulatory
... bHLH genes Math5, Mash1 (Ascl1 – Mouse Genome Informatics), Math3 (Neurod4 – Mouse Genome Informatics) and Neurod1 are expressed in the developing retina at overlapping times but in largely distinct, interspersed RPC subpopulations (Vetter and Brown, 2001; Akagi et al., 2004; Hatakeyama and Kageyama ...
... bHLH genes Math5, Mash1 (Ascl1 – Mouse Genome Informatics), Math3 (Neurod4 – Mouse Genome Informatics) and Neurod1 are expressed in the developing retina at overlapping times but in largely distinct, interspersed RPC subpopulations (Vetter and Brown, 2001; Akagi et al., 2004; Hatakeyama and Kageyama ...
Isolation and purification of cell wall polysaccharide of Bacillus
... as well as the absence of pentoses such as arabinose and xylose. It is known that when cell walls are treated with hydrofluoric acid for short periods, (up to 30 h), the acid causes specific cleavage of phosphodiester bonds without affecting acidlabile glycosidic bonds [6,7]. The hydrolysis conditio ...
... as well as the absence of pentoses such as arabinose and xylose. It is known that when cell walls are treated with hydrofluoric acid for short periods, (up to 30 h), the acid causes specific cleavage of phosphodiester bonds without affecting acidlabile glycosidic bonds [6,7]. The hydrolysis conditio ...
Dynamical patterning modules in plant development and evolution
... construction, which permits the formation of all other body plan types (characteristic of all land plants) (e.g., Fritschiella). Although plants, when broadly defined, constitute a polyphyletic group (Schlegel, 1994; Graham and Wilcox, 2000; Niklas, 2000), many of the overall shapes and growth forms ...
... construction, which permits the formation of all other body plan types (characteristic of all land plants) (e.g., Fritschiella). Although plants, when broadly defined, constitute a polyphyletic group (Schlegel, 1994; Graham and Wilcox, 2000; Niklas, 2000), many of the overall shapes and growth forms ...
Part 1
... Fungi versus fungi • “fungus” is used inclusively for a heterogenous group of organisms that have traditionally been studied by mycologists • “Fungi” refers to the organisms in the Kingdom Fungi, the true fungi, also called the “Eumycota” ...
... Fungi versus fungi • “fungus” is used inclusively for a heterogenous group of organisms that have traditionally been studied by mycologists • “Fungi” refers to the organisms in the Kingdom Fungi, the true fungi, also called the “Eumycota” ...
Enrichment of Electrochemically Active Bacteria Using a Three
... The enrichment of EAB with the poised working electrode was maintained for 7 days using synthetic wastewater with a BOD of 100 mg/l as an electron donor. At the initial stage of operation (i.e., enrichment for 0-4 days), no significant amperometric signal was observed. After 7 days of enrichment, ho ...
... The enrichment of EAB with the poised working electrode was maintained for 7 days using synthetic wastewater with a BOD of 100 mg/l as an electron donor. At the initial stage of operation (i.e., enrichment for 0-4 days), no significant amperometric signal was observed. After 7 days of enrichment, ho ...
Quantitative phase microscopy – a new tool for investigating
... displacement is termed phase retardation or phase shift.2 The ‘phase shift effect’ produced by a sample simply reflects the extent to which light wave propagation is slowed down by passage through the sample. Waves passing through a thick sample will be slowed to a greater degree than those passing ...
... displacement is termed phase retardation or phase shift.2 The ‘phase shift effect’ produced by a sample simply reflects the extent to which light wave propagation is slowed down by passage through the sample. Waves passing through a thick sample will be slowed to a greater degree than those passing ...
In Vitro Toxicology and Cellular Fate Determination Using
... the progression of apoptosis. This form of cell death limits damage to adjacent cells, since there is little or no leakage of cellular contents. In vitro, a toxic compound may intiate apoptosis, eventually progressing to loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular components, which are charac ...
... the progression of apoptosis. This form of cell death limits damage to adjacent cells, since there is little or no leakage of cellular contents. In vitro, a toxic compound may intiate apoptosis, eventually progressing to loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular components, which are charac ...
Megf10 regulates the progression of the satellite cell myogenic
... Figure 2. Megf10 is expressed in quiescent and activated satellite cells. (A) Immunohistochemistry on frozen sections of tibialis anterior muscles from 2-mo-old mice revealed that Megf10 was coexpressed with syndecan 4 in resting skeletal muscle. Arrowheads point to double-positive cells. Bar, 10 μm ...
... Figure 2. Megf10 is expressed in quiescent and activated satellite cells. (A) Immunohistochemistry on frozen sections of tibialis anterior muscles from 2-mo-old mice revealed that Megf10 was coexpressed with syndecan 4 in resting skeletal muscle. Arrowheads point to double-positive cells. Bar, 10 μm ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.