GARRY OAK ECOSYSTEMS RECOVERY TEAM
... their edge of the range Abstract: We present protocols and preliminary results from studies on butterfly populations at the edge of their geographic range in Garry oak meadows. Population size, resource availability, climate, genetic similarity, and local adaptation using caterpillar growth are meas ...
... their edge of the range Abstract: We present protocols and preliminary results from studies on butterfly populations at the edge of their geographic range in Garry oak meadows. Population size, resource availability, climate, genetic similarity, and local adaptation using caterpillar growth are meas ...
Biodiversity Action Planning - Department of Environment, Land
... Landscape – A landscape is made up of basic elements – climate, geology, topography, vegetation, fauna and humans – biophysical characteristics that can be used to identify differences between different landscapes. While nature may offer the raw material of scenery unaided, it is our perception that ...
... Landscape – A landscape is made up of basic elements – climate, geology, topography, vegetation, fauna and humans – biophysical characteristics that can be used to identify differences between different landscapes. While nature may offer the raw material of scenery unaided, it is our perception that ...
Human Involvement in Food Webs
... series of booms and busts, then collapsed in the early 1990s. “Of all the stories about the world’s fisheries, this is the saddest” (32, p. 113). Equally sad stories are told on land. That of the passenger pigeon is instructive about foodweb circuitry and ecological engineering. The first Europeans di ...
... series of booms and busts, then collapsed in the early 1990s. “Of all the stories about the world’s fisheries, this is the saddest” (32, p. 113). Equally sad stories are told on land. That of the passenger pigeon is instructive about foodweb circuitry and ecological engineering. The first Europeans di ...
Energy Flow in Ecosy..
... Ecological succession describes how the species composition of an ecosystem changes after a disturbance. Ecological succession is sometimes divided into two types, primary succession and secondary succession. ...
... Ecological succession describes how the species composition of an ecosystem changes after a disturbance. Ecological succession is sometimes divided into two types, primary succession and secondary succession. ...
Use and limitations of ecological models
... database and that they might be difficult to calibrate. 4. Structural dynamic models: These models, which have recently gained more ground (8% of model papers over the period 20002006), can describe ecosystem adaptations and shifts in species composition. The structural dynamic models can include mo ...
... database and that they might be difficult to calibrate. 4. Structural dynamic models: These models, which have recently gained more ground (8% of model papers over the period 20002006), can describe ecosystem adaptations and shifts in species composition. The structural dynamic models can include mo ...
Towards a food web perspective on biodiversity and ecosystem
... into a network influence the efficiency and reliability of that network?’. While social scientists and epidemiologists might think of ‘nodes’ and ‘connections’ as people interacting within a social network, computer scientists, neurologists, and civil engineers would instead think of servers connected ...
... into a network influence the efficiency and reliability of that network?’. While social scientists and epidemiologists might think of ‘nodes’ and ‘connections’ as people interacting within a social network, computer scientists, neurologists, and civil engineers would instead think of servers connected ...
Habitat Fragmentation Effects on Trophic Processes of
... Despite their importance, functional effects have been drawn mostly from data on species richness and abundance, rarely measuring trophic processes directly (Didham et al. 1996; Tscharntke & Brandl 2004). Furthermore, most researchers have focused on relatively simple systems (Didham et al. 1996; Kr ...
... Despite their importance, functional effects have been drawn mostly from data on species richness and abundance, rarely measuring trophic processes directly (Didham et al. 1996; Tscharntke & Brandl 2004). Furthermore, most researchers have focused on relatively simple systems (Didham et al. 1996; Kr ...
Ecological emergence of thermal clines in body size
... clear. Here, we show that thermal clines in body size are predicted from universal laws of ecology and metabolism, so that size-dependent selection from competition (both intra and interspecific) and predation favors smaller individuals under warmer conditions. We validate this prediction using 4.1 ...
... clear. Here, we show that thermal clines in body size are predicted from universal laws of ecology and metabolism, so that size-dependent selection from competition (both intra and interspecific) and predation favors smaller individuals under warmer conditions. We validate this prediction using 4.1 ...
Primary consumers
... – –/– interactions occur when two populations in a community compete for a common resource. – +/+ interactions are mutually beneficial, such as between plants and their pollinators. ...
... – –/– interactions occur when two populations in a community compete for a common resource. – +/+ interactions are mutually beneficial, such as between plants and their pollinators. ...
Across ecosystem comparisons of size structure: methods
... Dept of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Univ. of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. ...
... Dept of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, Univ. of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK. ...
Comparative Analysis of Diversity and Similarity Indices with Special
... indices are strongly affected by sample size and diversity. In some indices, this influence is greater than the others and an attempt has been made to deal with these influences. Keywords—Biogeographical factors, Diversity Indices, Ecology and Similarity Indices I. INTRODUCTION many years, environme ...
... indices are strongly affected by sample size and diversity. In some indices, this influence is greater than the others and an attempt has been made to deal with these influences. Keywords—Biogeographical factors, Diversity Indices, Ecology and Similarity Indices I. INTRODUCTION many years, environme ...
Small Mammals: Pests or Vital Components of the Ecosystem
... poor establishment of seeded plants and large scale failures of tree crops (Smith and Aldous 1947, Gashweiler 1970). Small mammals can further influence plant community composition by heavily grazing or damaging plants, and thus reducing their ability to produce seeds (Batzli and Pitelka 1970). Seve ...
... poor establishment of seeded plants and large scale failures of tree crops (Smith and Aldous 1947, Gashweiler 1970). Small mammals can further influence plant community composition by heavily grazing or damaging plants, and thus reducing their ability to produce seeds (Batzli and Pitelka 1970). Seve ...
Plant coexistence and the niche
... classical ecological theory predicts to be necessary? Or to put it another way, how do we reconcile the high level of a DIVERSITY (sensu [16]) that is found in many plant communities with competition for resources? Only two answers are possible. Either the classical theory is wrong or incomplete, or ...
... classical ecological theory predicts to be necessary? Or to put it another way, how do we reconcile the high level of a DIVERSITY (sensu [16]) that is found in many plant communities with competition for resources? Only two answers are possible. Either the classical theory is wrong or incomplete, or ...
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only.
... mixing counteracts the emergence of patches. In a well-mixed environment, all organisms potentially interact with each other, much in contrast to terrestrial systems, where many species are either ‘sessile’ (plants) or have very limited range sizes (most small invertebrates except for flying insects ...
... mixing counteracts the emergence of patches. In a well-mixed environment, all organisms potentially interact with each other, much in contrast to terrestrial systems, where many species are either ‘sessile’ (plants) or have very limited range sizes (most small invertebrates except for flying insects ...
Trophic promiscuity, intraguild predation and the problem of omnivores
... I mentioned earlier that omnivory is apparently much more common than we once thought. Why should omnivory be common in nature? Omnivores are an interesting form of dietary generalists, extending their dietary breadth beyond their own trophic level to encompass prey items at additional trophic level ...
... I mentioned earlier that omnivory is apparently much more common than we once thought. Why should omnivory be common in nature? Omnivores are an interesting form of dietary generalists, extending their dietary breadth beyond their own trophic level to encompass prey items at additional trophic level ...
SUCCESSION AND STABILITY
... z Johnston and Odum found increase in bird diversity across successional sequence closely paralleled increase in woody plant diversity observed by Oosting ...
... z Johnston and Odum found increase in bird diversity across successional sequence closely paralleled increase in woody plant diversity observed by Oosting ...
Nature conservation - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
... important since a lot of species became extinct caused by loss of habitats and high pollution. Insects moved further away into protected areas and their population size decreased. Land is populated by grey species, and humans do not have knowledge for what it could be used. Adaptive Mosaic People li ...
... important since a lot of species became extinct caused by loss of habitats and high pollution. Insects moved further away into protected areas and their population size decreased. Land is populated by grey species, and humans do not have knowledge for what it could be used. Adaptive Mosaic People li ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.