BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF WETLANDS
... plants, animals and microorganisms, interacting among themselves and with their non-living environment (energy, water, and gaseous and mineral elements). Humans are just one of millions of kinds of organisms, and therefore, depend for their existence, survival and various activities upon the Earth’s ...
... plants, animals and microorganisms, interacting among themselves and with their non-living environment (energy, water, and gaseous and mineral elements). Humans are just one of millions of kinds of organisms, and therefore, depend for their existence, survival and various activities upon the Earth’s ...
Adaptation to environmental stress: a rare or frequent driver of
... animals and plants, including recent methodological advances. Finally, we highlight how studies of speciation genetics and environmental stress response could potentially be combined. Our examples from plants may be more detailed than those from animals, since both of us are botanists, which may com ...
... animals and plants, including recent methodological advances. Finally, we highlight how studies of speciation genetics and environmental stress response could potentially be combined. Our examples from plants may be more detailed than those from animals, since both of us are botanists, which may com ...
marine food webs - Ann Arbor Earth Science
... major groups of phytoplanktonic organisms are diatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates, and bacteria. These primary producers are called autotrophs (meaning self-feeders) because they manufacture the food they need from the physical and chemical environment through photosynthesis (and chemosynthes ...
... major groups of phytoplanktonic organisms are diatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates, and bacteria. These primary producers are called autotrophs (meaning self-feeders) because they manufacture the food they need from the physical and chemical environment through photosynthesis (and chemosynthes ...
An Ecological Theory for the Sudden Origin of Multicellular Life in
... to feed on high-density populations, which naturally occur near parents; increased dispersion and reduced density of populations has then permitted a large variety of tree species to coexist within habitats (12). Even in the deep sea, remarkably intense predation appears to contribute to the charact ...
... to feed on high-density populations, which naturally occur near parents; increased dispersion and reduced density of populations has then permitted a large variety of tree species to coexist within habitats (12). Even in the deep sea, remarkably intense predation appears to contribute to the charact ...
File
... a fourth-level energy pyramid, if the first level contains 500 calories of energy, the third level will contain ...
... a fourth-level energy pyramid, if the first level contains 500 calories of energy, the third level will contain ...
Deep-sea ecosystem: a world of positive biodiversity – ecosystem
... biodiversity affects the ecosystem functioning. The relationship is overall positive, especially in ...
... biodiversity affects the ecosystem functioning. The relationship is overall positive, especially in ...
How parasites divide resources: a test of the niche apportionment
... Rohde 1996; Poulin & Valtonen 2001; Gotelli & Rohde 2002). Taken as a whole, these investigations have revealed that departures from random species assembly do occur, but they are the exceptions rather than the norm: most patterns of species co-occurrence are no different from those predicted by nul ...
... Rohde 1996; Poulin & Valtonen 2001; Gotelli & Rohde 2002). Taken as a whole, these investigations have revealed that departures from random species assembly do occur, but they are the exceptions rather than the norm: most patterns of species co-occurrence are no different from those predicted by nul ...
Honors Biology - Rahway Public Schools
... ● Every time energy transfers from one organism to another, most of it doesn’t go into useful energy but is instead given off as heat. About 10% of the energy remains useful after each transfer. This means that fewer organisms can exist that depend on multiple levels of organisms beneath them, so at ...
... ● Every time energy transfers from one organism to another, most of it doesn’t go into useful energy but is instead given off as heat. About 10% of the energy remains useful after each transfer. This means that fewer organisms can exist that depend on multiple levels of organisms beneath them, so at ...
Detective Work in the West Indies: Integrating Historical
... dewlap, an extensible and often brightly patterned flap of skin on the throat that is used in courtship and territorial encounters. Anoles are a textbook case for the study of biodiversity. Not only are they abundant and easy to study in many ways, but nearly 400 species are known, with more being d ...
... dewlap, an extensible and often brightly patterned flap of skin on the throat that is used in courtship and territorial encounters. Anoles are a textbook case for the study of biodiversity. Not only are they abundant and easy to study in many ways, but nearly 400 species are known, with more being d ...
Habitat heterogeneity affects population growth in goshawk Accipiter
... mediated by habitat heterogeneity. The latter is also known as habitat heterogeneity hypothesis. Site-dependent population regulation hypothesis predicts that increasing population density should lead to inhabitation of increasingly poor territories and decreasing per capita population growth rate. ...
... mediated by habitat heterogeneity. The latter is also known as habitat heterogeneity hypothesis. Site-dependent population regulation hypothesis predicts that increasing population density should lead to inhabitation of increasingly poor territories and decreasing per capita population growth rate. ...
Research_publications_files/Silvertown et al. 2006
... 1 The Park Grass Experiment, begun in 1856, is the oldest ecological experiment in existence. Its value to science has changed and grown since it was founded to answer agricultural questions. In recent times the experiment has shown inter alia how: plant species richness, biomass and pH are related; ...
... 1 The Park Grass Experiment, begun in 1856, is the oldest ecological experiment in existence. Its value to science has changed and grown since it was founded to answer agricultural questions. In recent times the experiment has shown inter alia how: plant species richness, biomass and pH are related; ...
The consequences of consumer diversity loss
... interspecific and intraspecific competitive effects. Furthermore, any design with both single- and multipleindividual treatments will be able to explicitly detect the relative strength of interspecific vs. intraspecific interactions. This piece of knowledge is critical to understanding the effects of al ...
... interspecific and intraspecific competitive effects. Furthermore, any design with both single- and multipleindividual treatments will be able to explicitly detect the relative strength of interspecific vs. intraspecific interactions. This piece of knowledge is critical to understanding the effects of al ...
An Analysis of Persistence, Resilience, and the Conservation of
... independent keystone species. As indicated in footnote 3, it is these species that are essential for the functioning ofan ecosystem. Consequently, in the rest ofthis paper, we abstract from the remaining (n -m) species and we focus on these m keystone species. The reader should note that all subsequ ...
... independent keystone species. As indicated in footnote 3, it is these species that are essential for the functioning ofan ecosystem. Consequently, in the rest ofthis paper, we abstract from the remaining (n -m) species and we focus on these m keystone species. The reader should note that all subsequ ...
Unit VIII - Evolution - Lesson Module
... Mutations increase the frequencies and types of allele changes within the population. See Indicator B-5.2. Natural selection allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive and thus be passed on to future generations. See Indicator B-5.1. When there is no change in the allele frequencies wit ...
... Mutations increase the frequencies and types of allele changes within the population. See Indicator B-5.2. Natural selection allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive and thus be passed on to future generations. See Indicator B-5.1. When there is no change in the allele frequencies wit ...
Ecology - The Open University
... environment – a truly vast area of biology. The original course examined the biological principles that are the basis for analysing and understanding ecological situations, and should give you some of the skills and knowledge needed by professional ecologists. There were five books, each taking an e ...
... environment – a truly vast area of biology. The original course examined the biological principles that are the basis for analysing and understanding ecological situations, and should give you some of the skills and knowledge needed by professional ecologists. There were five books, each taking an e ...
16 Ecosystems Out of Balance
... Scientists have documented many instances of the effect of ecosystem disruption due to species removal. Some ecosystems have a keystone species, which if removed, critically disrupts the balance for the ecosystem. One of the bestknown examples of this is the sea otter and the kelp forests. Sea otter ...
... Scientists have documented many instances of the effect of ecosystem disruption due to species removal. Some ecosystems have a keystone species, which if removed, critically disrupts the balance for the ecosystem. One of the bestknown examples of this is the sea otter and the kelp forests. Sea otter ...
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
... spicata, S. sempervirens, S. alterniflora) and two congeneric (J. roemerianus, L. carolinianum) with the species used in parallel experiments in New England (Bertness and Ewanchuk 2002). The size of the transplants was scaled to represent a functional, independent ramet of each species, and ranged f ...
... spicata, S. sempervirens, S. alterniflora) and two congeneric (J. roemerianus, L. carolinianum) with the species used in parallel experiments in New England (Bertness and Ewanchuk 2002). The size of the transplants was scaled to represent a functional, independent ramet of each species, and ranged f ...
Trophic complementarity drives the biodiversityecosystem
... The BEF theory is essentially derived from niche theory and resource (exploitative) competition. Resource complementarity occurs when two focal species are specialised on different resources (Loreau 1998); similarly, predation complementarity occurs when the two focal species have different predator ...
... The BEF theory is essentially derived from niche theory and resource (exploitative) competition. Resource complementarity occurs when two focal species are specialised on different resources (Loreau 1998); similarly, predation complementarity occurs when the two focal species have different predator ...
Invasiveness, invasibility and the role of environmental
... The suggestion that being unlike native species confers invasiveness, which might be called the “unlike invader” hypothesis, dates back to Darwin (1859, Chapter 4). Richardson & Bond (1991) judged that the world-wide record of invasions by pines was consistent with this hypothesis. Levine & D’Antoni ...
... The suggestion that being unlike native species confers invasiveness, which might be called the “unlike invader” hypothesis, dates back to Darwin (1859, Chapter 4). Richardson & Bond (1991) judged that the world-wide record of invasions by pines was consistent with this hypothesis. Levine & D’Antoni ...
Fact Sheet: Riparian Buffers in Parks
... plant and animal habitat. As a riparian zone is degraded, having been reduced in quality or value, these basic goods and services humans rely upon can be fundamentally altered. Degradation in urban riparian environments can take many forms. Altered hydrology, or how the water from the land is d ...
... plant and animal habitat. As a riparian zone is degraded, having been reduced in quality or value, these basic goods and services humans rely upon can be fundamentally altered. Degradation in urban riparian environments can take many forms. Altered hydrology, or how the water from the land is d ...
Mutualism, Facilitation, and the Structure of Ecological Communities
... Only relatively recently, however, has clear experimental evcaused by high rates of evaporation result in stressful condiidence emerged to suggest that this widespread phenomenon tions for many vascular plants. However, this stress can be amehas important consequences for the structure and function ...
... Only relatively recently, however, has clear experimental evcaused by high rates of evaporation result in stressful condiidence emerged to suggest that this widespread phenomenon tions for many vascular plants. However, this stress can be amehas important consequences for the structure and function ...
Multitrophic Diversity Effects Of Network Degradation
... genes, species, and functional traits is more efficient at capturing resources, contributes to greater biomass production (Cardinale et al. 2011), nutrient cycling, and decomposition rates (Hooper et al. 2012), and leads to the widely observed positive, saturating relationship between biodiversity a ...
... genes, species, and functional traits is more efficient at capturing resources, contributes to greater biomass production (Cardinale et al. 2011), nutrient cycling, and decomposition rates (Hooper et al. 2012), and leads to the widely observed positive, saturating relationship between biodiversity a ...
Physiological Ecology of Rocky Intertidal Organisms: A
... have shown that patterns in the temperatures of intertidal organisms are often highly complex, and that often variability over spatial scales of meters can exceed those observed over a latitudinal gradient (Helmuth, this volume). Importantly, because heat exchange between intertidal organisms and th ...
... have shown that patterns in the temperatures of intertidal organisms are often highly complex, and that often variability over spatial scales of meters can exceed those observed over a latitudinal gradient (Helmuth, this volume). Importantly, because heat exchange between intertidal organisms and th ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.