Assignment 2 solutions BioE 202
... The assumption could be, that like in an activated sludge process, the oxygen requirements just for oxidation will amount to 0.57 x the BOD removed (could vary from 0.5 to 0.7 depending on retention time). The biomass respiration typically amounts to b = 0.1 kg O2 / kg MLVSS. day. The amount of res ...
... The assumption could be, that like in an activated sludge process, the oxygen requirements just for oxidation will amount to 0.57 x the BOD removed (could vary from 0.5 to 0.7 depending on retention time). The biomass respiration typically amounts to b = 0.1 kg O2 / kg MLVSS. day. The amount of res ...
THE ENVIRONMENT DANIEL B. BOTKIN
... discussions. These myths often drive policy and opinion, and Botkin is here to set the record straight. What may seem like an environmentally conscious action on one hand may very well be bringing about the unnatural destruction of habitats and ecosystems. If our society is to sustain the environmen ...
... discussions. These myths often drive policy and opinion, and Botkin is here to set the record straight. What may seem like an environmentally conscious action on one hand may very well be bringing about the unnatural destruction of habitats and ecosystems. If our society is to sustain the environmen ...
Documentos a serem entregues pelo SWG “Mosquitoes”
... become less abundant. These include species of economic, cultural, and/or social importance such as wild foods, iconic species and endangered species. Ecological effects might result from competitive release if the target mosquito is reduced or from trophic consequences of species that rely on mosqu ...
... become less abundant. These include species of economic, cultural, and/or social importance such as wild foods, iconic species and endangered species. Ecological effects might result from competitive release if the target mosquito is reduced or from trophic consequences of species that rely on mosqu ...
spatial selection and inheritance
... and the spatial distribution of populations in heterogeneous space, and focuses empirical efforts on critical parameters estimable from field data. In addition, it highlights the generality of selection and inheritance as mechanisms of ecological as well as evolutionary change and provides opportunit ...
... and the spatial distribution of populations in heterogeneous space, and focuses empirical efforts on critical parameters estimable from field data. In addition, it highlights the generality of selection and inheritance as mechanisms of ecological as well as evolutionary change and provides opportunit ...
Food web complexity and chaotic population dynamics
... variations of this sort, which resulted in a total number of 60 webs. Whenever several realizations of a web exist, percentages given in Table 1 reflect the mean of all percentages found for this web structure, and standard deviations of the mean are given. For a particular food web we chose the mor ...
... variations of this sort, which resulted in a total number of 60 webs. Whenever several realizations of a web exist, percentages given in Table 1 reflect the mean of all percentages found for this web structure, and standard deviations of the mean are given. For a particular food web we chose the mor ...
Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution
... In fact, fossil evidence formed the basis of early evolutionary concepts. Scientists wondered how fossils formed, why many fossil species were extinct, and what kinds of relationships might exist between the extinct and the modern species. Before geologists provided evidence indicating that Earth wa ...
... In fact, fossil evidence formed the basis of early evolutionary concepts. Scientists wondered how fossils formed, why many fossil species were extinct, and what kinds of relationships might exist between the extinct and the modern species. Before geologists provided evidence indicating that Earth wa ...
Rates of biotic interactions scale predictably with
... they involve exchanges of energy and materials between organisms and their environments. So the null expectation Linear scale, exponential curve ...
... they involve exchanges of energy and materials between organisms and their environments. So the null expectation Linear scale, exponential curve ...
Brooks, W.R. (2012). Behavioral, physiological and
... Finally, the most abundant of all animals – the insects – have more than their fair share of potential parasites to remove, including closely related members within the arthropod taxon. Social insects show some of the greatest adaptations for grooming. Specifically, allogrooming is highly important ...
... Finally, the most abundant of all animals – the insects – have more than their fair share of potential parasites to remove, including closely related members within the arthropod taxon. Social insects show some of the greatest adaptations for grooming. Specifically, allogrooming is highly important ...
Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of Biodiversity Dynamics
... by the life histories of the colonising species. Colonisers can be classified as the ecological types of selection r and K, according to the logistic rates of population growth. R-selected species maximise the intrinsic rate of population increase (r). Every time favourable conditions become effecti ...
... by the life histories of the colonising species. Colonisers can be classified as the ecological types of selection r and K, according to the logistic rates of population growth. R-selected species maximise the intrinsic rate of population increase (r). Every time favourable conditions become effecti ...
Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution
... In fact, fossil evidence formed the basis of early evolutionary concepts. Scientists wondered how fossils formed, why many fossil species were extinct, and what kinds of relationships might exist between the extinct and the modern species. Before geologists provided evidence indicating that Earth wa ...
... In fact, fossil evidence formed the basis of early evolutionary concepts. Scientists wondered how fossils formed, why many fossil species were extinct, and what kinds of relationships might exist between the extinct and the modern species. Before geologists provided evidence indicating that Earth wa ...
The Altitudinal Niche-Breadth Hypothesis in Insect
... butterfly community structure across years was more variable at higher altitude. For phytophagous insects, the most important component that may affect the evolution towards a generalized or specialized dietary regime is ...
... butterfly community structure across years was more variable at higher altitude. For phytophagous insects, the most important component that may affect the evolution towards a generalized or specialized dietary regime is ...
Ecological Assessment of Selenium in the Aquatic Environment
... food webs, characterized by an “enrichment function”; thermodynamic or equilibrium-based principles are not appropriate for predicting Se bioaccumulation at the base of food webs. •• Se bioaccumulation by primary producers and predators varies widely among species, based on both ecology and physiolo ...
... food webs, characterized by an “enrichment function”; thermodynamic or equilibrium-based principles are not appropriate for predicting Se bioaccumulation at the base of food webs. •• Se bioaccumulation by primary producers and predators varies widely among species, based on both ecology and physiolo ...
Salt Marsh Ecology
... streams, tropical rain forests, deserts, and the polar regions) influence the variety of organisms in each. 4-2.4 Distinguish between the characteristics of an organism that are inherited and those that are acquired over time. 4-2.5 Explain how an organism’s patterns of behavior are related to its e ...
... streams, tropical rain forests, deserts, and the polar regions) influence the variety of organisms in each. 4-2.4 Distinguish between the characteristics of an organism that are inherited and those that are acquired over time. 4-2.5 Explain how an organism’s patterns of behavior are related to its e ...
PDF
... that the organisms made—e.g., fighting between males or females preferring males with big horns in titanotheres, eating bamboo in pandas—is very likely driven by behavioral persistence, possibly combined with phenomena such as genetic drift. That is, the very instigators of evolutionary trends that ...
... that the organisms made—e.g., fighting between males or females preferring males with big horns in titanotheres, eating bamboo in pandas—is very likely driven by behavioral persistence, possibly combined with phenomena such as genetic drift. That is, the very instigators of evolutionary trends that ...
Ecological Factors Affecting Community Invasibility
... Lewis) and manipulative experiments in both marine and terrestrial systems (Britton-Simmons 2006; Kennedy et al. 2002; Levine 2000; Naeem et al. 2000; Stachowicz et al. 1999, 2002a; White and Shurin 2007) generally (but not unequivocally—see Arenas et al. 2006) support the idea that increasing diver ...
... Lewis) and manipulative experiments in both marine and terrestrial systems (Britton-Simmons 2006; Kennedy et al. 2002; Levine 2000; Naeem et al. 2000; Stachowicz et al. 1999, 2002a; White and Shurin 2007) generally (but not unequivocally—see Arenas et al. 2006) support the idea that increasing diver ...
Introduction
... Adopt a linear outline by building each new idea on the previous one. As this paper will show, the clear-cutting of the rainforest has already eliminated much of the natural habitat of the red-tailed swallow, thus reducing the population growth rate of a species that plays a vital part in maintainin ...
... Adopt a linear outline by building each new idea on the previous one. As this paper will show, the clear-cutting of the rainforest has already eliminated much of the natural habitat of the red-tailed swallow, thus reducing the population growth rate of a species that plays a vital part in maintainin ...
Journal of Animal Ecology 82(6) - Seagrass Ecosystems Research
... systems suggest that roving predators can impact prey behaviour in heterogeneous landscapes where prey can predictably modify their probabilities of encounter with and/ or escape from predators (Heithaus et al. 2009; Wirsing, Cameron & Heithaus 2010). Whether these prey spatial responses to roving p ...
... systems suggest that roving predators can impact prey behaviour in heterogeneous landscapes where prey can predictably modify their probabilities of encounter with and/ or escape from predators (Heithaus et al. 2009; Wirsing, Cameron & Heithaus 2010). Whether these prey spatial responses to roving p ...
2009 Ecology TEST - NC Science Olympiad
... water typically maintains a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius. Fish A lives in this oxygensaturated environment, and cannot survive if the dissolved oxygen level gets at or below 8 ppm. However, due to global warming, the temperature changes .05 degrees Celsius per year. Furthermore, with each 1 degr ...
... water typically maintains a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius. Fish A lives in this oxygensaturated environment, and cannot survive if the dissolved oxygen level gets at or below 8 ppm. However, due to global warming, the temperature changes .05 degrees Celsius per year. Furthermore, with each 1 degr ...
Keystone Study Guide
... Place the following levels of organization in order from smallest to largest: organ systems, cells, organelles, tissues, organisms, communities, biomes, ecosystems, biosphere, populations ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ ...
... Place the following levels of organization in order from smallest to largest: organ systems, cells, organelles, tissues, organisms, communities, biomes, ecosystems, biosphere, populations ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ ...
BUILDING EFFECTIVE FISHERY ECOSYSTEM PLANS:
... systems typically contain many linked components, management actions can produce unintended indirect effects if these linkages are not accounted for (Ecosystems Principles Advisory Panel 1999, Garcia et al. 2003, Bianchi et al. 2008). We describe some of the key types of linkages in natural, human, ...
... systems typically contain many linked components, management actions can produce unintended indirect effects if these linkages are not accounted for (Ecosystems Principles Advisory Panel 1999, Garcia et al. 2003, Bianchi et al. 2008). We describe some of the key types of linkages in natural, human, ...
Root Dynamics of Cultivar and NonCultivar Population
... from 162 to 8.1 million hectares since the 1830s (Samson & Knopf 1994; Manning 1995). Prairie restoration primarily relies on the sowing of native plant communities from seed. Native plant species diversity in prairie restorations is often lower than in remnant prairies due to the dominance of a few ...
... from 162 to 8.1 million hectares since the 1830s (Samson & Knopf 1994; Manning 1995). Prairie restoration primarily relies on the sowing of native plant communities from seed. Native plant species diversity in prairie restorations is often lower than in remnant prairies due to the dominance of a few ...
Resilience of Microbial Systems Towards Disturbances - UvA-DARE
... 1996b; Ulanowicz 2003). Because several stability domains can exist, the main focus is on keeping the ecosystem within some bounds rather than at a stable point (Walter 1980; Holling 1996a; Häggblom et al. 2000; Bengtsson 2002). It is important to note that the stability and resilience concept can ...
... 1996b; Ulanowicz 2003). Because several stability domains can exist, the main focus is on keeping the ecosystem within some bounds rather than at a stable point (Walter 1980; Holling 1996a; Häggblom et al. 2000; Bengtsson 2002). It is important to note that the stability and resilience concept can ...
Physiological Ecology of Rocky Intertidal Organisms: A Synergy of Concepts L T *
... have shown that patterns in the temperatures of intertidal organisms are often highly complex, and that often variability over spatial scales of meters can exceed those observed over a latitudinal gradient (Helmuth, this volume). Importantly, because heat exchange between intertidal organisms and th ...
... have shown that patterns in the temperatures of intertidal organisms are often highly complex, and that often variability over spatial scales of meters can exceed those observed over a latitudinal gradient (Helmuth, this volume). Importantly, because heat exchange between intertidal organisms and th ...
Ecological Succession
... lichens. The dead lichens and waste materials of the decomposers enrich the ...
... lichens. The dead lichens and waste materials of the decomposers enrich the ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.