On the relationship between productivity and food chain length at
... is more widespread than previously suspected (Arim and Marquet 2004) and thus has the potential to be a determinant of food chain length in nature. One problem for studying the effect of energy on community structure is that potential determinants of available energy in natural ecosystems are divers ...
... is more widespread than previously suspected (Arim and Marquet 2004) and thus has the potential to be a determinant of food chain length in nature. One problem for studying the effect of energy on community structure is that potential determinants of available energy in natural ecosystems are divers ...
Project title: The ecological function of mosses in high
... Aquatic mosses are often the only kind of macrophytes in high-arctic lakes. Despite the low nutrient availability and short ice free periods the mosses often create massive stands on the lake bed even in deeper lakes. The mosses most likely constitute an important component in the overall ecology of ...
... Aquatic mosses are often the only kind of macrophytes in high-arctic lakes. Despite the low nutrient availability and short ice free periods the mosses often create massive stands on the lake bed even in deeper lakes. The mosses most likely constitute an important component in the overall ecology of ...
niche principles and 4 case studies
... where pi = proportion of individuals that use resource i, or the proportion of diet of each individual composed of i. Because pi is in the denominator, species that use many resources will have large value of B, reflecting a generalist pattern of resource use. Between Phenotype and Within Phenotype ...
... where pi = proportion of individuals that use resource i, or the proportion of diet of each individual composed of i. Because pi is in the denominator, species that use many resources will have large value of B, reflecting a generalist pattern of resource use. Between Phenotype and Within Phenotype ...
Food chain length and omnivory determine the stability of a marine
... counted the number of amphipods, caprellid amphipods and isopods visible and returned them to the mesocosm. We destructively sampled the epiphytic microalgal community. We placed small, roughened plastic tiles (approximately 2Æ54 by 2Æ54 cm) in each mesocosm with the initial macroalgae inoculation. ...
... counted the number of amphipods, caprellid amphipods and isopods visible and returned them to the mesocosm. We destructively sampled the epiphytic microalgal community. We placed small, roughened plastic tiles (approximately 2Æ54 by 2Æ54 cm) in each mesocosm with the initial macroalgae inoculation. ...
Staddon et al 2010
... unexplored. For example, weak flows of individuals between habitats may have significant impacts on population production and community stability (Loreau et al. 2003). From this perspective, a more complete understanding of the impacts of habitat fragmentation on ecosystems requires the study of the ...
... unexplored. For example, weak flows of individuals between habitats may have significant impacts on population production and community stability (Loreau et al. 2003). From this perspective, a more complete understanding of the impacts of habitat fragmentation on ecosystems requires the study of the ...
On the Relationship between Productivity and Food Chain Length at
... is more widespread than previously suspected (Arim and Marquet 2004) and thus has the potential to be a determinant of food chain length in nature. One problem for studying the effect of energy on community structure is that potential determinants of available energy in natural ecosystems are divers ...
... is more widespread than previously suspected (Arim and Marquet 2004) and thus has the potential to be a determinant of food chain length in nature. One problem for studying the effect of energy on community structure is that potential determinants of available energy in natural ecosystems are divers ...
Chapter 4 Lecture.notebook
... species, natural disturbances Human impacts cause major community changes • Resistance = community of organisms resists change and remains stable despite the disturbance • Resilience = a community changes in response to a disturbance, but later returns to its original state • A disturbed communit ...
... species, natural disturbances Human impacts cause major community changes • Resistance = community of organisms resists change and remains stable despite the disturbance • Resilience = a community changes in response to a disturbance, but later returns to its original state • A disturbed communit ...
SUCCESSION, PHENOMENON OF
... Community-level management: The idea that one could use the state of ecological communities to evaluate their past and present conditions and to predict their future is a significant contribution of Clements and associates. Although it has been established by paleoecological studies that communities ...
... Community-level management: The idea that one could use the state of ecological communities to evaluate their past and present conditions and to predict their future is a significant contribution of Clements and associates. Although it has been established by paleoecological studies that communities ...
Refusing Help and Inflicting Harm
... Due to a variety of natural causes, suffering predominates over well-being in the lives of wild animals. From an antispeciesist standpoint that considers the interests of all sentient individuals, we should intervene in nature to benefit these animals, provided that the expectable result is net posi ...
... Due to a variety of natural causes, suffering predominates over well-being in the lives of wild animals. From an antispeciesist standpoint that considers the interests of all sentient individuals, we should intervene in nature to benefit these animals, provided that the expectable result is net posi ...
linkages between hydraulics, morphodynamics and ecological
... River systems are characterized by a broad range of relevant spatial and temporal scales that interact. We believe that the interaction between the different spatial and temporal scales is a topic that merits further attention in the form of a multi-scale approach. As an example, patterns of flow, tu ...
... River systems are characterized by a broad range of relevant spatial and temporal scales that interact. We believe that the interaction between the different spatial and temporal scales is a topic that merits further attention in the form of a multi-scale approach. As an example, patterns of flow, tu ...
ECOLOGICAL MECHANISMS LINKING PROTECTED AREAS TO
... for identifying scientifically based management alternatives. We first present a conceptual model of protected areas embedded within larger ecosystems that often include surrounding human land use. Drawing on case studies in this Invited Feature, we then explore a comprehensive set of ecological mecha ...
... for identifying scientifically based management alternatives. We first present a conceptual model of protected areas embedded within larger ecosystems that often include surrounding human land use. Drawing on case studies in this Invited Feature, we then explore a comprehensive set of ecological mecha ...
file
... shifts in the values and frequencies of particular traits among members of populations, often due to ecological processes such as the movement of organisms and changing environmental conditions as well as interactions with members of different species (e.g. predator-prey interactions, hostparasite i ...
... shifts in the values and frequencies of particular traits among members of populations, often due to ecological processes such as the movement of organisms and changing environmental conditions as well as interactions with members of different species (e.g. predator-prey interactions, hostparasite i ...
Metapopulation Ecology - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary
... agent-based models in which behaviour of each individual animal, plant or seed is modelled (Uchmański, 2016). All manner of plausible behaviours can be included in these models, with the disadvantage of large numbers of possibly unknown parameters and computationally intense simulations. Diffusion ...
... agent-based models in which behaviour of each individual animal, plant or seed is modelled (Uchmański, 2016). All manner of plausible behaviours can be included in these models, with the disadvantage of large numbers of possibly unknown parameters and computationally intense simulations. Diffusion ...
This article discusses the various hypotheses proposed to explain
... found that 5 to 8 years after the clear-cut, the species richness was increased by 30 to 35%. Haeussler pointed out that this increase in diversity came at a price: the clear-cut disturbance stripped the land of important soil organic layers causing a shift in the type of plants colonizing the regio ...
... found that 5 to 8 years after the clear-cut, the species richness was increased by 30 to 35%. Haeussler pointed out that this increase in diversity came at a price: the clear-cut disturbance stripped the land of important soil organic layers causing a shift in the type of plants colonizing the regio ...
8Core Chpater 12short
... 12.8 Mutualism is beneficial to both species • Mutualism is a form of interspecies interaction in which both species benefit. – It often occurs among species that are symbiotic, living in close physical association with one another, but not all symbiotic relationships are mutual. ...
... 12.8 Mutualism is beneficial to both species • Mutualism is a form of interspecies interaction in which both species benefit. – It often occurs among species that are symbiotic, living in close physical association with one another, but not all symbiotic relationships are mutual. ...
Invasions: the trail behind, the path ahead, and a test
... the United States (in an attempt to introduce all the birds mentioned in Shakespeare’s works to New York’s Central Park; Marzluff et al. 2008), introducing brushtail possums to New Zealand (to establish a fur industry; Cowan 1992) and distributing ornamental plant species such as Lantana camara and ...
... the United States (in an attempt to introduce all the birds mentioned in Shakespeare’s works to New York’s Central Park; Marzluff et al. 2008), introducing brushtail possums to New Zealand (to establish a fur industry; Cowan 1992) and distributing ornamental plant species such as Lantana camara and ...
Impacts of Pollutants on Beavers and Otters with Implications for
... in the re-expansion of beavers on both continents. Beavers have been used to restore wetlands, improve stream dynamics, and reduce flooding (Müller-Schwarze 2011; Gibson and Olden 2014). The most recent estimate on the population size of the North American beaver is 6-12 million (Naiman et al. 1988) ...
... in the re-expansion of beavers on both continents. Beavers have been used to restore wetlands, improve stream dynamics, and reduce flooding (Müller-Schwarze 2011; Gibson and Olden 2014). The most recent estimate on the population size of the North American beaver is 6-12 million (Naiman et al. 1988) ...
How life-history traits affect ecosystem properties: effects of dispersal
... The resource-ratio theory of plant coexistence (Tilman 1982, 1988), based on the seminal model of León and Tumpson (1975), has been instrumental in our understanding of the intimate linkage between stoichiometry, community assembly and ecosystem functioning. The theory applies to two resources the R ...
... The resource-ratio theory of plant coexistence (Tilman 1982, 1988), based on the seminal model of León and Tumpson (1975), has been instrumental in our understanding of the intimate linkage between stoichiometry, community assembly and ecosystem functioning. The theory applies to two resources the R ...
Tropical Grassland Ecosystems and Climate Change
... burning result in depauperization of most of the grasslands in terms of species composition. In most of the areas no new grasslands are being established due to prevention of natural ecological processes that promote development of grassland ecosystems. Based on studies carried out by different work ...
... burning result in depauperization of most of the grasslands in terms of species composition. In most of the areas no new grasslands are being established due to prevention of natural ecological processes that promote development of grassland ecosystems. Based on studies carried out by different work ...
shipping pathways of effects
... Although regulations related to ballast water exchange have been shown to be an effective mitigation strategy, shipping is considered a key pathway for the introduction of aquatic invasive species through ballast water or hull fouling. Aquatic invasive species may alter ecosystem structure and funct ...
... Although regulations related to ballast water exchange have been shown to be an effective mitigation strategy, shipping is considered a key pathway for the introduction of aquatic invasive species through ballast water or hull fouling. Aquatic invasive species may alter ecosystem structure and funct ...
Succession Student PPT
... The increased shade creates a lack of sunlight for the sun-loving plants. Because of the shade, the sunloving plants fail to reproduce and eventually die. The sun-loving plants are replaced in the ecosystem by the shade-loving plants that reproduce successfully in the shade. As plant species change, ...
... The increased shade creates a lack of sunlight for the sun-loving plants. Because of the shade, the sunloving plants fail to reproduce and eventually die. The sun-loving plants are replaced in the ecosystem by the shade-loving plants that reproduce successfully in the shade. As plant species change, ...
Biology - Cumberland County School District
... , toothpick, spoon] and hunt; students record results and then change prey or adaptation; and students analyze results using statistical methods) 9.2 Specifically describe the conditions required to be considered a species (e.g., reproductive isolation, geographic isolation) 9.3 Describe the basic t ...
... , toothpick, spoon] and hunt; students record results and then change prey or adaptation; and students analyze results using statistical methods) 9.2 Specifically describe the conditions required to be considered a species (e.g., reproductive isolation, geographic isolation) 9.3 Describe the basic t ...
Plant genotype and nitrogen loading influence seagrass productivity
... genetic variation relative to environmental stressors will also be important for prioritizing conservation and management resources. Seagrass beds provide a model ecosystem in which to examine the relative importance of genetic vs. environmental variation in influencing ecosystem functioning. These w ...
... genetic variation relative to environmental stressors will also be important for prioritizing conservation and management resources. Seagrass beds provide a model ecosystem in which to examine the relative importance of genetic vs. environmental variation in influencing ecosystem functioning. These w ...
BIOSC 145-S14 121KB Jul 14 2014 05:40:02 PM
... Evaluate the relationships of organisms to each other and their environments: 1. Discuss classification schemes and taxonomy using biological examples. Discuss biological and typological species concepts. Define the characteristics of modern Domains and Kingdoms. Explain, discuss, and interpret how ...
... Evaluate the relationships of organisms to each other and their environments: 1. Discuss classification schemes and taxonomy using biological examples. Discuss biological and typological species concepts. Define the characteristics of modern Domains and Kingdoms. Explain, discuss, and interpret how ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.