Ecological communities in variable environments : dynamics
... Autocorrelation (with lag 1) describes the average degree of similarity (correlation) between consecutive observations in a data series. An eigenvalue is a property of a square matrix (a table with an equal number of rows and columns). In, e.g., community models, the stability of a system that is go ...
... Autocorrelation (with lag 1) describes the average degree of similarity (correlation) between consecutive observations in a data series. An eigenvalue is a property of a square matrix (a table with an equal number of rows and columns). In, e.g., community models, the stability of a system that is go ...
assessment of mean trophic level and prey
... can make their own food, other organisms must eat living things to survive. This makes them predators. You might not think of a grass-munching cow as much of a predator, but cows are indeed the predators of their grass prey. Of course, the cows themselves are prey to other animals, like humans and c ...
... can make their own food, other organisms must eat living things to survive. This makes them predators. You might not think of a grass-munching cow as much of a predator, but cows are indeed the predators of their grass prey. Of course, the cows themselves are prey to other animals, like humans and c ...
Functional Ecology
... as parasitoids, which generally benefits the host plant. As plants are smart, they can also eavesdrop on signals of danger that are emitted by their neighbours. For example, lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) plants respond with higher EFN secretion rates to the exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC ...
... as parasitoids, which generally benefits the host plant. As plants are smart, they can also eavesdrop on signals of danger that are emitted by their neighbours. For example, lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) plants respond with higher EFN secretion rates to the exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC ...
Soil phosphorus heterogeneity promotes tree species diversity and
... plot, soil nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) availability and heterogeneity, tree species diversity, and community phylogenetic structure were measured. Soil phosphorus heterogeneity and tree species diversity in each plot were positively correlated, while phosphorus availability and tree species d ...
... plot, soil nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) availability and heterogeneity, tree species diversity, and community phylogenetic structure were measured. Soil phosphorus heterogeneity and tree species diversity in each plot were positively correlated, while phosphorus availability and tree species d ...
Relationships between biodiversity and
... authors speculated that benefits were due to reduced inputs and disturbances in agri-environment fields. However, the species that benefitted most from agri-environment schemes did not include many species of extinction concern. This suggests that conserving native habitat may not benefit rare species, ...
... authors speculated that benefits were due to reduced inputs and disturbances in agri-environment fields. However, the species that benefitted most from agri-environment schemes did not include many species of extinction concern. This suggests that conserving native habitat may not benefit rare species, ...
Developing a Theory of Plant-Insect Herbivore Interactions: Are We
... This content downloaded from 128.226.37.5 on Thu, 26 Dec 2013 09:21:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ...
... This content downloaded from 128.226.37.5 on Thu, 26 Dec 2013 09:21:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ...
advanced biology - Lakewood City Schools
... the Galapagos Islands Identify evidence Darwin used to present his case for evolution Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection State how Hutton and Lyell described geological change Identify how Lamarck thought species evolved Describe Malthus’s theory of population growth Compare ...
... the Galapagos Islands Identify evidence Darwin used to present his case for evolution Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection State how Hutton and Lyell described geological change Identify how Lamarck thought species evolved Describe Malthus’s theory of population growth Compare ...
simulated predator extinctions
... crabs, the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), stone crab (Menippe mercenaria), and mud crab (Panopeus herbstii) in estuaries in the eastern United States. We tested the effects of species richness and identity of predators on juvenile oyster survival, oyster recruitment, and organic matter content of ...
... crabs, the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), stone crab (Menippe mercenaria), and mud crab (Panopeus herbstii) in estuaries in the eastern United States. We tested the effects of species richness and identity of predators on juvenile oyster survival, oyster recruitment, and organic matter content of ...
Energetic Adaptations Along a Broad Latitudinal Gradient
... tics of these organisms are determined largely by the influence of the environment (e.g., temperature) on traits such as physiological performance (e.g., growth). Compelling evidence continues to emerge that local adaptations involving tradeoffs between growth and other physical or behavioral traits ...
... tics of these organisms are determined largely by the influence of the environment (e.g., temperature) on traits such as physiological performance (e.g., growth). Compelling evidence continues to emerge that local adaptations involving tradeoffs between growth and other physical or behavioral traits ...
AP Biology - Falkavage-APBIO - home
... and it is designed to prepare students for the AP Biology Exam prepared by the College Board. This is a yearlong course that meets five times weekly for 85-minutes each day. Approximately 60% of the class time will be devoted to lecture and large group discussion on the 4 Big Ideas identified by the ...
... and it is designed to prepare students for the AP Biology Exam prepared by the College Board. This is a yearlong course that meets five times weekly for 85-minutes each day. Approximately 60% of the class time will be devoted to lecture and large group discussion on the 4 Big Ideas identified by the ...
Urban biodiversity: patterns and mechanisms
... cities due to importation of exotic species, whereas animal species richness declines. Abundances of some groups, especially birds and arthropods, often increase in urban areas despite declines in species richness. Although several models have been proposed for biodiversity change, the processes und ...
... cities due to importation of exotic species, whereas animal species richness declines. Abundances of some groups, especially birds and arthropods, often increase in urban areas despite declines in species richness. Although several models have been proposed for biodiversity change, the processes und ...
Changes in plant community composition, not diversity, during a
... Cabido 2010) and are less likely to be lost from the community compared with perennials (Suding et al. 2005). An additional key trait is the dependence of some plants, particularly C4 grasses, on mycorrhizal fungi (Wilson & Hartnett 1997), which aid in N and especially P acquisition (Smith & Read 19 ...
... Cabido 2010) and are less likely to be lost from the community compared with perennials (Suding et al. 2005). An additional key trait is the dependence of some plants, particularly C4 grasses, on mycorrhizal fungi (Wilson & Hartnett 1997), which aid in N and especially P acquisition (Smith & Read 19 ...
species diversity
... variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. ...
... variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. ...
Role of Marine Microbes in Carbon and Nutrient Cycles
... photic zone in the Sargasso Sea, but > 80% of the photic zone nitrogen. Only biotic mechanisms, such as viral death or protozoan grazing, would free up the nutrients accumulated by bacteria and allow their recycling. These mechanisms will control nutrient supply to planktonic biota in those cases. F ...
... photic zone in the Sargasso Sea, but > 80% of the photic zone nitrogen. Only biotic mechanisms, such as viral death or protozoan grazing, would free up the nutrients accumulated by bacteria and allow their recycling. These mechanisms will control nutrient supply to planktonic biota in those cases. F ...
Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem
... in constructing the models on their dynamic behaviour. This question is important because much of what has been written about ecosystem stability has been based on ecosystem models consisting of coupled differential equations with arbitrary or random parameters (May, 1972; Pimm, 1984). Yet it could b ...
... in constructing the models on their dynamic behaviour. This question is important because much of what has been written about ecosystem stability has been based on ecosystem models consisting of coupled differential equations with arbitrary or random parameters (May, 1972; Pimm, 1984). Yet it could b ...
Year-to-year variation in plant competition in a mountain grassland
... 1 We used a series of removal experiments to examine how species response to competition and climatic differences varied in three different years. We tested the interaction between removal of the dominant grass species, Festuca rubra, and year-to-year environmental variation in a mown mountain grass ...
... 1 We used a series of removal experiments to examine how species response to competition and climatic differences varied in three different years. We tested the interaction between removal of the dominant grass species, Festuca rubra, and year-to-year environmental variation in a mown mountain grass ...
Do herbivores exert top-down effects in Neotropical savannas
... Decades of research have demonstrated that plant communities in Paleotropical savannas are regulated by a combination of pervasive bottom-up effects, such as precipitation and soil nutrient levels, and top-down effects such as fire and mammalian herbivory (e.g. Cumming 1982; Roques et al. 2001; Augu ...
... Decades of research have demonstrated that plant communities in Paleotropical savannas are regulated by a combination of pervasive bottom-up effects, such as precipitation and soil nutrient levels, and top-down effects such as fire and mammalian herbivory (e.g. Cumming 1982; Roques et al. 2001; Augu ...
Species homework prehw.speciaton_text_assignment
... Define the following terms (from the first 2 paragraphs or from glossary): a. Species b. Speciation Explain what it means if 2 populations are ‘reproductively isolated.’ Describe and give an example of the 3 isolating mechanisms: a. Behavioral isolation b. Geographic isolation c. Temporal isolation ...
... Define the following terms (from the first 2 paragraphs or from glossary): a. Species b. Speciation Explain what it means if 2 populations are ‘reproductively isolated.’ Describe and give an example of the 3 isolating mechanisms: a. Behavioral isolation b. Geographic isolation c. Temporal isolation ...
habitat and landscape characteristics underlying anuran
... landscapes, therefore, may be influenced by a complement of factors at different spatial scales from individual breeding sites to entire landscapes. This idea is supported by recent literature from a variety of ecosystems across several continents (e.g., Pellet et al. 2004a, b, Drinnan 2005, Rubbo an ...
... landscapes, therefore, may be influenced by a complement of factors at different spatial scales from individual breeding sites to entire landscapes. This idea is supported by recent literature from a variety of ecosystems across several continents (e.g., Pellet et al. 2004a, b, Drinnan 2005, Rubbo an ...
toward a metabolic theory of ecology
... rates at which material resources are taken up from the environment, used for biological structure and function, and excreted as ‘‘waste’’ back into the environment. Far from being distinct ecological currencies, as some authors have implied (e.g., Reiners 1986, Sterner and Elser 2002), the currenci ...
... rates at which material resources are taken up from the environment, used for biological structure and function, and excreted as ‘‘waste’’ back into the environment. Far from being distinct ecological currencies, as some authors have implied (e.g., Reiners 1986, Sterner and Elser 2002), the currenci ...
Chapter 3 The Biosphere
... interdependence between organisms and the environment in which they live. The interdependence of life on Earth contributes to an ever-changing, or dynamic, biosphere. ...
... interdependence between organisms and the environment in which they live. The interdependence of life on Earth contributes to an ever-changing, or dynamic, biosphere. ...
Linking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Current
... Large-scale observational studies provide different and complementary insight into experimental manipulations of the links between species richness and ecosystem services. They can be performed at scales compatible with management decisions, can capture variation in service supply, and reflect real- ...
... Large-scale observational studies provide different and complementary insight into experimental manipulations of the links between species richness and ecosystem services. They can be performed at scales compatible with management decisions, can capture variation in service supply, and reflect real- ...
r/K Strategists concept
... instance, their colonizing ability can be seen from the explosion of the pest population in early season (after germination of the host plant) or after the application of insecticides, where the big number of new resistant population will be present for replacing the susceptible population (Metcalf ...
... instance, their colonizing ability can be seen from the explosion of the pest population in early season (after germination of the host plant) or after the application of insecticides, where the big number of new resistant population will be present for replacing the susceptible population (Metcalf ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.