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... • Fatty acids are activated to acyl CoA by thiokinases or acyl CoA synthetases • The reaction occurs in two steps and requires ATP, coenzyme A and Mg2+ • Fatty acid reacts with ATP to form acyladenylate which then combines with coenzyme A to produce acyl CoA. • Two high energy phosphates are utiliz ...
... • Fatty acids are activated to acyl CoA by thiokinases or acyl CoA synthetases • The reaction occurs in two steps and requires ATP, coenzyme A and Mg2+ • Fatty acid reacts with ATP to form acyladenylate which then combines with coenzyme A to produce acyl CoA. • Two high energy phosphates are utiliz ...
Conversion of trypsin to a functional threonine protease
... any loss in local structural stability that might occur by elimination of the two cysteines. The Cys 42–Cys 58 disulfide bridge (Fig. 1C) is strictly conserved. In an alignment of 1327 chymotrypsin-like serine proteases using the MEROPS database (Rawlings et al. 2004), the Cys 42–Cys 58 disulfide br ...
... any loss in local structural stability that might occur by elimination of the two cysteines. The Cys 42–Cys 58 disulfide bridge (Fig. 1C) is strictly conserved. In an alignment of 1327 chymotrypsin-like serine proteases using the MEROPS database (Rawlings et al. 2004), the Cys 42–Cys 58 disulfide br ...
Fulltext - Jultika
... of two enzymes, (1) α-methylacyl-CoA racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MCR) and (2) argininosuccinate lyase from Escherichia coli (eASL) have been studied using X-ray crystallography. The main focus of this study has been understanding the structure-function relationship of MCR. The eASL has ...
... of two enzymes, (1) α-methylacyl-CoA racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MCR) and (2) argininosuccinate lyase from Escherichia coli (eASL) have been studied using X-ray crystallography. The main focus of this study has been understanding the structure-function relationship of MCR. The eASL has ...
Pentose P Path
... NADPH, a product of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, functions as a reductant in anabolic (synthetic) pathways, e.g., fatty acid synthesis. NAD+ serves as electron acceptor in catabolic pathways, in which metabolites are oxidized. ...
... NADPH, a product of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, functions as a reductant in anabolic (synthetic) pathways, e.g., fatty acid synthesis. NAD+ serves as electron acceptor in catabolic pathways, in which metabolites are oxidized. ...
FATTY ACID METABOLISM
... • Approximately 2.5 of ATP are generated per each of the 7 molecules of NADH. • 1.5 of ATP are formed for each of the 7 molecules of FADH2. • Recall that the oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle yields 10 molecules of ATP. • Hence, the number of ATP molecules formed in the oxidation of ...
... • Approximately 2.5 of ATP are generated per each of the 7 molecules of NADH. • 1.5 of ATP are formed for each of the 7 molecules of FADH2. • Recall that the oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle yields 10 molecules of ATP. • Hence, the number of ATP molecules formed in the oxidation of ...
Ch. 3: Vitamins, Cofactors, Coenzymes, Enzymes
... needed in small amounts for normal body functions that the body cannot synthesize in adequat amounts enzyme: a protein that is a catalyst metalloenzyme: an enzyme that has a tightly bound metal ion cofactor: an organic molecule or a metal ion that certain enzymes need in order to catalyze a reaction ...
... needed in small amounts for normal body functions that the body cannot synthesize in adequat amounts enzyme: a protein that is a catalyst metalloenzyme: an enzyme that has a tightly bound metal ion cofactor: an organic molecule or a metal ion that certain enzymes need in order to catalyze a reaction ...
13synthesis
... cell membrane. After the synthesis in the S.E.R. the polar lipids (phospho, sphingo, glyco lipids) they transferred to different cell membranes by Golgi apparatus in form of vesicles. ...
... cell membrane. After the synthesis in the S.E.R. the polar lipids (phospho, sphingo, glyco lipids) they transferred to different cell membranes by Golgi apparatus in form of vesicles. ...
Model of Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism
... MATERIALS S2: METABOLIC REACTIONS FLUX EXPRESSIONS The flux expressions for the compartmentalized lumped metabolic reactions that convert substrates to products in the two subcellular compartments (cytosol and mitochondria) in coupled with the energy controller pairs ATP-ADP and NADH-NAD+ are writte ...
... MATERIALS S2: METABOLIC REACTIONS FLUX EXPRESSIONS The flux expressions for the compartmentalized lumped metabolic reactions that convert substrates to products in the two subcellular compartments (cytosol and mitochondria) in coupled with the energy controller pairs ATP-ADP and NADH-NAD+ are writte ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Biotin Conclusion and Discussion
... • Bacterial Synthesis of biotin – may be absorbed into body or excreted in feces ...
... • Bacterial Synthesis of biotin – may be absorbed into body or excreted in feces ...
Structure, mechanism and function of prenyltransferases
... shorter than UPP found in other bacteria. The products of these prenyltransferases have specific chain lengths essential for their biological functions. An intriguing question is how do they achieve product chainlength specificity. In theory, restriction of the size of the enzyme active site should pl ...
... shorter than UPP found in other bacteria. The products of these prenyltransferases have specific chain lengths essential for their biological functions. An intriguing question is how do they achieve product chainlength specificity. In theory, restriction of the size of the enzyme active site should pl ...
Active Site of Ribonuclease A - Department of Biochemistry | UW
... the enzyme, which is consistent with the binding of the anionic form of the haloacetate in a cationic active site. This limited alkylation modifies only His12 or His119. Catalysis by RNase A has a classic bell-shaped pH-rate profile for both the cleavage of dinucleotide substrates and the hydrolysis ...
... the enzyme, which is consistent with the binding of the anionic form of the haloacetate in a cationic active site. This limited alkylation modifies only His12 or His119. Catalysis by RNase A has a classic bell-shaped pH-rate profile for both the cleavage of dinucleotide substrates and the hydrolysis ...
Pyruvate Kinase
... 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP In aerobic organisms: pyruvate produced in Glycolysis is oxidized to CO2 via Krebs Cycle (can also be stored as fatty acids) NADH produced in Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle is reoxidized via the respiratory chain, with production of much additional ATP. ...
... 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP In aerobic organisms: pyruvate produced in Glycolysis is oxidized to CO2 via Krebs Cycle (can also be stored as fatty acids) NADH produced in Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle is reoxidized via the respiratory chain, with production of much additional ATP. ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration
... of H ions used to produce ATP – Of the 36 molecules of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose ...
... of H ions used to produce ATP – Of the 36 molecules of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose ...
FORMATTED - revised ENZYMology
... Kuhne ( 1878) used the term enzyme to distinguish this unorganized ferments. In Greek enzyme means ‘in yeast’. Concrete evidence for this assumption was provided by Buchner in 1897. He showed the production of alcohols from sugars using cell free extract of yeast. Emil Fischer (1894) showed the spec ...
... Kuhne ( 1878) used the term enzyme to distinguish this unorganized ferments. In Greek enzyme means ‘in yeast’. Concrete evidence for this assumption was provided by Buchner in 1897. He showed the production of alcohols from sugars using cell free extract of yeast. Emil Fischer (1894) showed the spec ...
ATP
... Intestinal epithelial cells – mitochondria beneath the microvilli to release energy for the absorption of digested food by active transport Inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded to form cristae which are lined with stalked particles for oxidative phosphorylation while the enzymes of the Kreb ...
... Intestinal epithelial cells – mitochondria beneath the microvilli to release energy for the absorption of digested food by active transport Inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded to form cristae which are lined with stalked particles for oxidative phosphorylation while the enzymes of the Kreb ...
Chapter 25
... carnitine acyltransferase the enzyme responsible for fatty acid uptake by the mitochondria. As malonyl-CoA levels fall, carnitine acyltransferase will cause an increased uptake of fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are metabolized by -oxidation 8. Acetate produced in ethanol metabolism ca ...
... carnitine acyltransferase the enzyme responsible for fatty acid uptake by the mitochondria. As malonyl-CoA levels fall, carnitine acyltransferase will cause an increased uptake of fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are metabolized by -oxidation 8. Acetate produced in ethanol metabolism ca ...
Escherichia coli ATP Synthase
... The analysis of charged catalytic sites residues involved in Pi binding has also helped answer the primary question of how the enzyme binds ADP and Pi rather than ATP at the catalytic sites? This is an often overlooked but crucial question in the mechanism of ATP synthesis. In active cells, the cyto ...
... The analysis of charged catalytic sites residues involved in Pi binding has also helped answer the primary question of how the enzyme binds ADP and Pi rather than ATP at the catalytic sites? This is an often overlooked but crucial question in the mechanism of ATP synthesis. In active cells, the cyto ...
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis
... sequence of chemical reactions. In this paper, the problem of optimization is studied, while the first question will be developed in a further work. The purpose of this paper is thus to analyze whether the sequence of chemical reactions in glycolysis has an optimized design according to the optimiza ...
... sequence of chemical reactions. In this paper, the problem of optimization is studied, while the first question will be developed in a further work. The purpose of this paper is thus to analyze whether the sequence of chemical reactions in glycolysis has an optimized design according to the optimiza ...
Enzymes
... through which the substrates must pass as they are converted to products during the enzyme catalyzed reaction. Daniel Koshland recognized that enzymes are conformationally dynamic molecules. The native state is not a single low energy conformation, the enzyme can adjust its shape to accommodate bind ...
... through which the substrates must pass as they are converted to products during the enzyme catalyzed reaction. Daniel Koshland recognized that enzymes are conformationally dynamic molecules. The native state is not a single low energy conformation, the enzyme can adjust its shape to accommodate bind ...
18. Metabolism of lipids 1
... • Fatty acids and glycerol diffuse through the adipocyte membrane and enter bloodstream. • Glycerol is transported via the blood in free state and oxidized or converted to glucose in liver. • Fatty acids are traveled bound to albumin. • In heart, skeletal muscles and liver they are oxidized with ene ...
... • Fatty acids and glycerol diffuse through the adipocyte membrane and enter bloodstream. • Glycerol is transported via the blood in free state and oxidized or converted to glucose in liver. • Fatty acids are traveled bound to albumin. • In heart, skeletal muscles and liver they are oxidized with ene ...
ATP production in brain and liver mitochondria of Fischer
... temperature of the larger assay volume of the reaction mixture (990 l), which is kept at 28°C. Like the standards, the background of the reaction mixtures (990 l) was recorded before the addition of mitochondria. Afterward, 10 l of freshly isolated mitochondria from the frontal cortex of the brai ...
... temperature of the larger assay volume of the reaction mixture (990 l), which is kept at 28°C. Like the standards, the background of the reaction mixtures (990 l) was recorded before the addition of mitochondria. Afterward, 10 l of freshly isolated mitochondria from the frontal cortex of the brai ...
AP Biology Chapter 9.2016
... • Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of extracting ATP from NADH and FADH2. • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass along an ETC analogous to ETC chains in photophosphorylation. • These electrons pass from one protein carrier to another along the chain, losing energy along the way • Follow with p ...
... • Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of extracting ATP from NADH and FADH2. • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass along an ETC analogous to ETC chains in photophosphorylation. • These electrons pass from one protein carrier to another along the chain, losing energy along the way • Follow with p ...
metabolic pathways - MPG Systems Biology Forum
... Mathematical background Steady-state condition NV(S) = 0 If the kinetic parameters were known, this could be solved for S. If not, one can try to solve it for V. The equation system is linear in V. However, usually there is a manifold of solutions. Mathematically: kernel (null-space) of N. Spanned ...
... Mathematical background Steady-state condition NV(S) = 0 If the kinetic parameters were known, this could be solved for S. If not, one can try to solve it for V. The equation system is linear in V. However, usually there is a manifold of solutions. Mathematically: kernel (null-space) of N. Spanned ...
Luciferase
Luciferase is a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. The name is derived from Lucifer, the root of which means 'light-bearer' (lucem ferre). One example is the firefly luciferase (EC 1.13.12.7) from the firefly Photinus pyralis. ""Firefly luciferase"" as a laboratory reagent often refers to P. pyralis luciferase although recombinant luciferases from several other species of fireflies are also commercially available.