OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS (LIPOLYSIS) Fatty acids stored in
... Ketone Bodies are oxidized in mitochondria of many tissues other than liver .Liver cannot use ketone bodies because the activating enzyme required for ketone body utilization is absent in the liver. While ketogenesis is an important survival mechanism that maintains high rates of fatty acid oxidatio ...
... Ketone Bodies are oxidized in mitochondria of many tissues other than liver .Liver cannot use ketone bodies because the activating enzyme required for ketone body utilization is absent in the liver. While ketogenesis is an important survival mechanism that maintains high rates of fatty acid oxidatio ...
The Family of Berberine Bridge Enzyme-like
... aspects of the BBE-like protein family and for her sheer endless patience with me during my adaption from chemical engineering to biochemistry. I would like to thank M.Sc. Barbara Steiner and Dr. Domen Zafred for joining the team BBE. It was a pleasure to unravel the mysteries of BBE-like protein fa ...
... aspects of the BBE-like protein family and for her sheer endless patience with me during my adaption from chemical engineering to biochemistry. I would like to thank M.Sc. Barbara Steiner and Dr. Domen Zafred for joining the team BBE. It was a pleasure to unravel the mysteries of BBE-like protein fa ...
Minimalist Active-Site Redesign: Teaching Old Enzymes New Tricks
... acceptors) to stabilize the transition state. Thus, the role of the active site is to bind the substrate(s), ease its conversion to the transition state, and then release the product(s). It has long been recognized that the chemical space in enzyme active sites is not fully explored by nature. This ...
... acceptors) to stabilize the transition state. Thus, the role of the active site is to bind the substrate(s), ease its conversion to the transition state, and then release the product(s). It has long been recognized that the chemical space in enzyme active sites is not fully explored by nature. This ...
carbohydrate metabolism
... What is Gluconeogenesis? Gluconeogenesis is synthesis of Glucose from non-carbohydrates sources Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney Most enzymes of Gluconeogenesis are present in Cytosol, but o Pyruvate Carboxylase is located in Mitochondrial matrix ...
... What is Gluconeogenesis? Gluconeogenesis is synthesis of Glucose from non-carbohydrates sources Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney Most enzymes of Gluconeogenesis are present in Cytosol, but o Pyruvate Carboxylase is located in Mitochondrial matrix ...
a new equation for calculating the number of atp molecules
... fatty acids to be transferred from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix where the betaoxidation process takes place.[12-18] In the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation process in which two carbons are reduced from the fatty acid chain in every cycle to form acetyl-CoA. The bet ...
... fatty acids to be transferred from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix where the betaoxidation process takes place.[12-18] In the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation process in which two carbons are reduced from the fatty acid chain in every cycle to form acetyl-CoA. The bet ...
PDF - DigiNole! - Florida State University
... naturally occurring variants of DKGR (DKGR A and DKGR B) have been reported. DKGR B exhibits higher specific activity toward 2,5-DKG than DKGR A; however, DKGR A exhibits a greater selectivity for this substrate and significantly higher thermal stability. Thus, a modified form of DKGR, combining des ...
... naturally occurring variants of DKGR (DKGR A and DKGR B) have been reported. DKGR B exhibits higher specific activity toward 2,5-DKG than DKGR A; however, DKGR A exhibits a greater selectivity for this substrate and significantly higher thermal stability. Thus, a modified form of DKGR, combining des ...
Molecular Modeling of Substrate Binding in Wild
... naturally occurring variants of DKGR (DKGR A and DKGR B) have been reported. DKGR B exhibits higher specific activity toward 2,5-DKG than DKGR A; however, DKGR A exhibits a greater selectivity for this substrate and significantly higher thermal stability. Thus, a modified form of DKGR, combining des ...
... naturally occurring variants of DKGR (DKGR A and DKGR B) have been reported. DKGR B exhibits higher specific activity toward 2,5-DKG than DKGR A; however, DKGR A exhibits a greater selectivity for this substrate and significantly higher thermal stability. Thus, a modified form of DKGR, combining des ...
Answer Set 3
... 2. a. The P:O ratio is equal to the product of (H+/2e-) and (P/H+). Note that the P:O ratio is identical with the P:2e- ratio. (Note also that the P/H+ ratio depends on the number of subunits in the ATP synthase collar, and this may vary among organisms.) b. 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. H+ energy grad ...
... 2. a. The P:O ratio is equal to the product of (H+/2e-) and (P/H+). Note that the P:O ratio is identical with the P:2e- ratio. (Note also that the P/H+ ratio depends on the number of subunits in the ATP synthase collar, and this may vary among organisms.) b. 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. H+ energy grad ...
initial rates for many enzymatic reactions exhibit bell
... 1) Discontinuous Indirect Assays-also referred to as sampling assays, involve stopping the reaction after a fixed time and treating the rxn mixture to separate a product for analysis -alternatively, the rxn is stopped to produce a change in the properties of one of the S or P which can then be measu ...
... 1) Discontinuous Indirect Assays-also referred to as sampling assays, involve stopping the reaction after a fixed time and treating the rxn mixture to separate a product for analysis -alternatively, the rxn is stopped to produce a change in the properties of one of the S or P which can then be measu ...
Fatty acids: Review
... -They require some additional processing before they can be degraded completely by β-oxidation -If a fatty acid already has a double bond in it, the scheme by which the fatty acid is oxidized depends on where the double bond ends up after several of the C-2 fragments have been removed by normal β-ox ...
... -They require some additional processing before they can be degraded completely by β-oxidation -If a fatty acid already has a double bond in it, the scheme by which the fatty acid is oxidized depends on where the double bond ends up after several of the C-2 fragments have been removed by normal β-ox ...
Crystal structure of potato tuber ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase
... Figure 4 (A) Overlay of ATP in ADP-Glc PPase with TTP in RmlA. Yellow, carbon atoms of ATP from ATP-bound A subunit; cyan, carbon atoms of TTP from RmlA structure. All others are colored by atom type. (B) Surface of ADP-Glc PPase A subunit with bound ATP. (C) Local changes about the adenine occur wh ...
... Figure 4 (A) Overlay of ATP in ADP-Glc PPase with TTP in RmlA. Yellow, carbon atoms of ATP from ATP-bound A subunit; cyan, carbon atoms of TTP from RmlA structure. All others are colored by atom type. (B) Surface of ADP-Glc PPase A subunit with bound ATP. (C) Local changes about the adenine occur wh ...
to the PDF file. - CURVE
... and mammals must obtain L-methionine through the diet. Conversely plants and bacteria synthesize L-cysteine de novo and convert it to L-homocysteine and, ultimately, Lmethionine. The enzymes of the bacterial and plant transsulfuration pathway are cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), which condenses O-suc ...
... and mammals must obtain L-methionine through the diet. Conversely plants and bacteria synthesize L-cysteine de novo and convert it to L-homocysteine and, ultimately, Lmethionine. The enzymes of the bacterial and plant transsulfuration pathway are cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), which condenses O-suc ...
Structural and Biochemical Characterization of a Bifunctional
... two distinct domains connected by a flexible loop. The N-terminal domain adopts a left-handed β-helix motif and is responsible for the N-acetylation reaction. The C-terminal domain folds into an antiparallel flattened β-barrel that harbors the active site responsible for the isomerization reaction. Bi ...
... two distinct domains connected by a flexible loop. The N-terminal domain adopts a left-handed β-helix motif and is responsible for the N-acetylation reaction. The C-terminal domain folds into an antiparallel flattened β-barrel that harbors the active site responsible for the isomerization reaction. Bi ...
Glycolysis
... - thus two ATP used in Phase 1 - substrate level phosphorylationATP production by the direct transfer of phosphate from intermediate ___________________ _____________________________23 ...
... - thus two ATP used in Phase 1 - substrate level phosphorylationATP production by the direct transfer of phosphate from intermediate ___________________ _____________________________23 ...
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
... Figure 22.31 The transaldolase reaction. In this reaction, a 3-carbon unit is transferred, first to an active site lysine, and then to the acceptor molecule. ...
... Figure 22.31 The transaldolase reaction. In this reaction, a 3-carbon unit is transferred, first to an active site lysine, and then to the acceptor molecule. ...
Visualization of ATP levels inside single living cells with
... phosphorylation, revealing that glycolysis is the major ATP-generating pathway of the cells grown in glucose-rich medium. This was also confirmed by an experiment using oligomycin A, an inhibitor of FoF1-ATP synthase. In addition, it was demonstrated that HeLa cells change ATP-generating pathway in ...
... phosphorylation, revealing that glycolysis is the major ATP-generating pathway of the cells grown in glucose-rich medium. This was also confirmed by an experiment using oligomycin A, an inhibitor of FoF1-ATP synthase. In addition, it was demonstrated that HeLa cells change ATP-generating pathway in ...
Lec 16: Nitrogen (ammonia) assimilation
... It catalyzes a reaction comparable to that catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase but functions primarily in glutamate biosynthesis: ...
... It catalyzes a reaction comparable to that catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase but functions primarily in glutamate biosynthesis: ...
Identification of two amino acid residues which - Wiley-VCH
... of these positions caused loss of capacity of the mutant enzyme to hydrolyze both neutral substrates, such as the synthetic substrate 4MUG and electronegative substrates, such as 4MUGS [11]. Moreover, investigation of the active site residues of Hex B revealed that the same three residues perform a ...
... of these positions caused loss of capacity of the mutant enzyme to hydrolyze both neutral substrates, such as the synthetic substrate 4MUG and electronegative substrates, such as 4MUGS [11]. Moreover, investigation of the active site residues of Hex B revealed that the same three residues perform a ...
23 Metabolism and Energy Production
... FMNH2 transfers hydrogen to Fe-S clusters and then to coenzyme Q reducing Q and regenerating FMN. Q + FMNH2 QH2 + FMN The overall reaction is NADH + H+ + Q QH2 + NAD+ QH2, a mobile carrier, transfers hydrogen to ...
... FMNH2 transfers hydrogen to Fe-S clusters and then to coenzyme Q reducing Q and regenerating FMN. Q + FMNH2 QH2 + FMN The overall reaction is NADH + H+ + Q QH2 + NAD+ QH2, a mobile carrier, transfers hydrogen to ...
ppt - Chair of Computational Biology
... Step2c: Optimization of the rotational orientation Orienting the net hydrophobic moment of each helix to point toward the membrane (phobic orientation): In this procedure (denoted as CoarseRot-H), the helical face with the maximum hydrophobic moment is calculated for the middle section of each heli ...
... Step2c: Optimization of the rotational orientation Orienting the net hydrophobic moment of each helix to point toward the membrane (phobic orientation): In this procedure (denoted as CoarseRot-H), the helical face with the maximum hydrophobic moment is calculated for the middle section of each heli ...
Part 2
... charged intermediates are often stabilized by transfer of protons to or from the substrate or intermediate. In case of enzyme catalyzed reactions, weak proton donors or acceptors are often present as amino acid side chains at the active site of the enzyme itself. These groups mediate proton transfer ...
... charged intermediates are often stabilized by transfer of protons to or from the substrate or intermediate. In case of enzyme catalyzed reactions, weak proton donors or acceptors are often present as amino acid side chains at the active site of the enzyme itself. These groups mediate proton transfer ...
Comparison of the Functional Differences for the Homologous Residues within... Carboxy Phosphate and Carbamate Domains of Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase
... Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from two molecules of MgATP, bicarbonate, and glutamine. It has been previously shown that the amino- and carboxy-terminal halves of the large subunit of this protein are homologous. A working m ...
... Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) from Escherichia coli catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from two molecules of MgATP, bicarbonate, and glutamine. It has been previously shown that the amino- and carboxy-terminal halves of the large subunit of this protein are homologous. A working m ...
CHAPTER 19 LIPID METABOLISM Introduction: Fats are much more
... For a 16-carbon fully saturated fatty acid (16:0 palmitate), this process will be repeated six more times (for a total of seven times) to yield 8 acetyl CoA. Beta oxidation is sometimes referred to as a cyclic process because it starts with and yields a fatty acyl CoA. However this is not a catalyt ...
... For a 16-carbon fully saturated fatty acid (16:0 palmitate), this process will be repeated six more times (for a total of seven times) to yield 8 acetyl CoA. Beta oxidation is sometimes referred to as a cyclic process because it starts with and yields a fatty acyl CoA. However this is not a catalyt ...
Luciferase
Luciferase is a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. The name is derived from Lucifer, the root of which means 'light-bearer' (lucem ferre). One example is the firefly luciferase (EC 1.13.12.7) from the firefly Photinus pyralis. ""Firefly luciferase"" as a laboratory reagent often refers to P. pyralis luciferase although recombinant luciferases from several other species of fireflies are also commercially available.