Apyrase Suppression Raises Extracellular ATP
... (GO) category analyses, and they were assigned a functional categorization by annotation for GO Biological Processes. The significant trends in these results showed that genes related to stress responses were the ones that most changed expression when APY1 and APY2 were suppressed (Supplemental Fig. ...
... (GO) category analyses, and they were assigned a functional categorization by annotation for GO Biological Processes. The significant trends in these results showed that genes related to stress responses were the ones that most changed expression when APY1 and APY2 were suppressed (Supplemental Fig. ...
Structure of saccharides
... plants as the major structural component of the cell walls. Cellulose in wood is mixed with many other polymers such as hemicelluloses and lignin. It has to be split from these components to be used for paper production. The fluffy fiber found in the cotton ball is the purest naturally occurring for ...
... plants as the major structural component of the cell walls. Cellulose in wood is mixed with many other polymers such as hemicelluloses and lignin. It has to be split from these components to be used for paper production. The fluffy fiber found in the cotton ball is the purest naturally occurring for ...
Molecular regulation of the diatom cell cycle
... underlie their evolutionary and ecological success (Armbrust et al., 2004; Bowler et al., 2008; Moustafa et al., 2009; Rayko et al., 2010; Allen et al., 2011; Fabris et al., 2012; Gross, 2012; Prihoda et al., 2012). The defining feature of diatom biology and key to understanding their evolutionary ...
... underlie their evolutionary and ecological success (Armbrust et al., 2004; Bowler et al., 2008; Moustafa et al., 2009; Rayko et al., 2010; Allen et al., 2011; Fabris et al., 2012; Gross, 2012; Prihoda et al., 2012). The defining feature of diatom biology and key to understanding their evolutionary ...
A New Model of the Human Atrial Myocyte with Variable T
... Atrial tissues were obtained from 16 consenting patients in sinus rhythm undergoing cardiac surgery. Procedures and experiments involving human atrial cells were approved by the West of Scotland Research Ethics Service (REC: 99MC002). Tissues were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde then cryoprotected over ...
... Atrial tissues were obtained from 16 consenting patients in sinus rhythm undergoing cardiac surgery. Procedures and experiments involving human atrial cells were approved by the West of Scotland Research Ethics Service (REC: 99MC002). Tissues were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde then cryoprotected over ...
The Cell Cycle
... a system of critical checkpoints in the cell cycle has been described. A century and a score of years have passed since Fleming’s These checkpoints must be negotiated and passed to allow the cell discovery. In that time, the fields of cell and molecular biology have to successfully continue through ...
... a system of critical checkpoints in the cell cycle has been described. A century and a score of years have passed since Fleming’s These checkpoints must be negotiated and passed to allow the cell discovery. In that time, the fields of cell and molecular biology have to successfully continue through ...
PDF
... asymmetrically with respect to the apical-basal axis (Januschke and Gonzalez, 2010; Siegrist and Doe, 2006; Zhong and Chia, 2008). Although these observations suggest that the orientation of the PAR protein localization is determined by extracellular signals, its orientation appears to be determined ...
... asymmetrically with respect to the apical-basal axis (Januschke and Gonzalez, 2010; Siegrist and Doe, 2006; Zhong and Chia, 2008). Although these observations suggest that the orientation of the PAR protein localization is determined by extracellular signals, its orientation appears to be determined ...
Inductive asymmetric cell division
... Nucleus and on the Cortex In the early embryos, WRM-1 is localized uniformly to all nuclei and cell–cell interfaces.2,22 How then is the WRM-1 nuclear asymmetry established in the daughters of EMS? When the EMS cell enters mitosis, WRM-1 is displaced from the posterior half of the cortex of the divi ...
... Nucleus and on the Cortex In the early embryos, WRM-1 is localized uniformly to all nuclei and cell–cell interfaces.2,22 How then is the WRM-1 nuclear asymmetry established in the daughters of EMS? When the EMS cell enters mitosis, WRM-1 is displaced from the posterior half of the cortex of the divi ...
Asymmetric Cell Divisions in the Early Embryo of the Leech
... lacked a true coelom (Valentine and Collins 2000). If so, many of the features we associate with modern bilaterian animals may have arisen largely independently within these three lines. On the other hand, others have proposed that the urbilaterian was a segmented eucoelomate with well-developed sen ...
... lacked a true coelom (Valentine and Collins 2000). If so, many of the features we associate with modern bilaterian animals may have arisen largely independently within these three lines. On the other hand, others have proposed that the urbilaterian was a segmented eucoelomate with well-developed sen ...
Moss and liverwort xyloglucans contain galacturonic
... spectrometry (ESI-MS), and by glycosyl residue and glycosyllinkage composition analyses (see Material and methods and Supplemental data). The moss Physcomitrella patens synthesizes XyGs that contain galacturonic acid The moss Physcomitrella has become a model for studying many aspects of plant biolo ...
... spectrometry (ESI-MS), and by glycosyl residue and glycosyllinkage composition analyses (see Material and methods and Supplemental data). The moss Physcomitrella patens synthesizes XyGs that contain galacturonic acid The moss Physcomitrella has become a model for studying many aspects of plant biolo ...
Teacher Guide for Amplify Cell Structure and Function Module
... » Students should note that (i) ATP (energy), which is produced by the mitochondria, is used as an input by both the nucleus and the ribosomes and (ii) mRNA, which is produced by the nucleus, is used by the ribosome. » Ask students how to map these relationships on their worksheets. Students will ge ...
... » Students should note that (i) ATP (energy), which is produced by the mitochondria, is used as an input by both the nucleus and the ribosomes and (ii) mRNA, which is produced by the nucleus, is used by the ribosome. » Ask students how to map these relationships on their worksheets. Students will ge ...
Molecular encounters at microtubule ends in the plant cell cortex
... tightly coordinated with the cell cycle, though most players involved in molecular crosstalk between the cell cycle machinery and the cytoskeleton are not identified. Nevertheless, in addition to g-TuRC components, there is converging evidence that a number of functions and proteins are conserved be ...
... tightly coordinated with the cell cycle, though most players involved in molecular crosstalk between the cell cycle machinery and the cytoskeleton are not identified. Nevertheless, in addition to g-TuRC components, there is converging evidence that a number of functions and proteins are conserved be ...
Plant Molecular Biology
... (Abramovitch et al., 2003) and environmental stress induces PCD in plants (Huh et al., 2002). Transgenic modification of pathways regulating PCD is therefore a potential strategy to develop multiple stress tolerances in plants (Mitsuhara et al., 1999; Qiao et al., 2002). Very little is known about th ...
... (Abramovitch et al., 2003) and environmental stress induces PCD in plants (Huh et al., 2002). Transgenic modification of pathways regulating PCD is therefore a potential strategy to develop multiple stress tolerances in plants (Mitsuhara et al., 1999; Qiao et al., 2002). Very little is known about th ...
R1R2R3-Myb proteins positively regulate cytokinesis
... Relatively few genes involved in cytokinesis have been identified by mutation in plants, and they fall into two classes. Genes in the first class are required for proper orientation of the division plane, and mutants include fass/tonneau in Arabidopsis, and discordia and tangled in maize (Sylvester, ...
... Relatively few genes involved in cytokinesis have been identified by mutation in plants, and they fall into two classes. Genes in the first class are required for proper orientation of the division plane, and mutants include fass/tonneau in Arabidopsis, and discordia and tangled in maize (Sylvester, ...
A Biological Overview of the Cell Cycle and its Response to Osmotic
... stress and the α-factor, and we have developed two mathematical models [39, 40], which are presented in Chaps. 3 and 4. Our first model is based on Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE), which predicts the influence of osmotic stress in all stages of cell cycle. This model integrates the osmotic stre ...
... stress and the α-factor, and we have developed two mathematical models [39, 40], which are presented in Chaps. 3 and 4. Our first model is based on Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE), which predicts the influence of osmotic stress in all stages of cell cycle. This model integrates the osmotic stre ...
PDF
... Relatively few genes involved in cytokinesis have been identified by mutation in plants, and they fall into two classes. Genes in the first class are required for proper orientation of the division plane, and mutants include fass/tonneau in Arabidopsis, and discordia and tangled in maize (Sylvester, ...
... Relatively few genes involved in cytokinesis have been identified by mutation in plants, and they fall into two classes. Genes in the first class are required for proper orientation of the division plane, and mutants include fass/tonneau in Arabidopsis, and discordia and tangled in maize (Sylvester, ...
Document
... - two examples with different gap penalties These values are copied from the PAM250 matrix (see earlier slide), after being made nonnegative by adding 8 to each PAM250 matrix cell (-8 is the lowest number in the PAM250 matrix) ...
... - two examples with different gap penalties These values are copied from the PAM250 matrix (see earlier slide), after being made nonnegative by adding 8 to each PAM250 matrix cell (-8 is the lowest number in the PAM250 matrix) ...
Hold Back the Water - Supercomputing Challenge
... endodermal cells. This structure, known as the Casparian strip or Casparian band, functions to prevent water and nutrients taken up by the root from entering the stele through the apoplast. Instead, water must bypass the endodermis via the symplast. This allows the plant to select the solutes that p ...
... endodermal cells. This structure, known as the Casparian strip or Casparian band, functions to prevent water and nutrients taken up by the root from entering the stele through the apoplast. Instead, water must bypass the endodermis via the symplast. This allows the plant to select the solutes that p ...
division plane control in plants: new players in the band
... actin depolymerizing drugs applied during mitosis or cytokinesis. However, KDZs were no longer seen when early PPB microtubules were depolymerized. After drug washout, most cells reformed both a PPB and a KDZ, but some failed to reconstitute a PPB or a KDZ, suggesting that KDZ formation depends on t ...
... actin depolymerizing drugs applied during mitosis or cytokinesis. However, KDZs were no longer seen when early PPB microtubules were depolymerized. After drug washout, most cells reformed both a PPB and a KDZ, but some failed to reconstitute a PPB or a KDZ, suggesting that KDZ formation depends on t ...
31. Plant Structure, Reproduction, & Development
... 31.1 Plant scientist Natasha Raikhel studies the Arabidopsis plant as a model biological system • Natasha Raikhel is one of America's most prominent plant biologists • Dr. Raikhel uses Arabidopsis (mustard plant) ...
... 31.1 Plant scientist Natasha Raikhel studies the Arabidopsis plant as a model biological system • Natasha Raikhel is one of America's most prominent plant biologists • Dr. Raikhel uses Arabidopsis (mustard plant) ...
Evolutionary tradeoffs in cellular composition across
... One of the most important classic and contemporary interests in biology is the connection between cellular composition and physiological function. Decades of research have allowed us to understand the detailed relationship between various cellular components and processes for individual species, and ...
... One of the most important classic and contemporary interests in biology is the connection between cellular composition and physiological function. Decades of research have allowed us to understand the detailed relationship between various cellular components and processes for individual species, and ...
Full Text - Plant and Cell Physiology
... incidence angle fluorescence microscopy (VIAFM). In the absence of PAO, the cytoplasmic fluorescent signals of GFP– CESA3 rapidly increased and were detected in the punctate compartments labeled with CLC–mOrange and on the PM (Fig. 3A). On the PM as observed by VIAFM, GFP–CESA3 signals assembled int ...
... incidence angle fluorescence microscopy (VIAFM). In the absence of PAO, the cytoplasmic fluorescent signals of GFP– CESA3 rapidly increased and were detected in the punctate compartments labeled with CLC–mOrange and on the PM (Fig. 3A). On the PM as observed by VIAFM, GFP–CESA3 signals assembled int ...
The Biochemistry and Structural Biology of Plant
... endo), specificity for the sugar at the catalytic -1 subsite and more distal regions of the substrate ...
... endo), specificity for the sugar at the catalytic -1 subsite and more distal regions of the substrate ...
how death shapes life during development
... The destruction of cells was first observed by developmental biologists during the 1800s, but cell death was not clearly recognized as having a normal, formative role in developing animals until this was articulated by Glücksmann1 in 1951 (BOX 1). Several terms have been used to describe the morphol ...
... The destruction of cells was first observed by developmental biologists during the 1800s, but cell death was not clearly recognized as having a normal, formative role in developing animals until this was articulated by Glücksmann1 in 1951 (BOX 1). Several terms have been used to describe the morphol ...
The PXY-CLE41 receptor ligand pair defines a
... expression (Fig. 4A-C,E-G). Phenotypes were even more dramatic than those observed in inflorescence stems. Altering the CLE41 expression domain overrides the patterning set up across the whole hypocotyl as it completely lacks organisation. The highly ordered and predictable pattern of vascular tissu ...
... expression (Fig. 4A-C,E-G). Phenotypes were even more dramatic than those observed in inflorescence stems. Altering the CLE41 expression domain overrides the patterning set up across the whole hypocotyl as it completely lacks organisation. The highly ordered and predictable pattern of vascular tissu ...
Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycan in Wall plus Membrane Preparations
... The newly synthesized peptidoglycan cross-linked to existing wall was purified by extensive washing with TMM buffer containing I % SDS. Regardless of whether the UDPMurNAc-pentapeptide or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was radioactive, approximately 2000 pmol was incorporated per mg of membrane protein in ...
... The newly synthesized peptidoglycan cross-linked to existing wall was purified by extensive washing with TMM buffer containing I % SDS. Regardless of whether the UDPMurNAc-pentapeptide or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was radioactive, approximately 2000 pmol was incorporated per mg of membrane protein in ...
Cell wall
The cell wall is a tough, flexible and sometimes rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection. In addition, the cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell. Cell walls are found in plants, fungi and prokaryotic cells but not in mycoplasmas.The composition of the cell wall varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. In bacteria, peptidoglycan forms the cell wall. Archaean cell walls have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin, and algae typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica. Often, other accessory molecules are found anchored to the cell wall.