The Relationship Between the Nature of the Cell Wall
... Although the Gram reaction is probably the most widely used staining procedure in bacteriology, there has been no wholly acceptable explanation of the mechanism of its reaction despite the great proliferation of theories advanced since the description of the technique by Christian Gram in 1884. Many ...
... Although the Gram reaction is probably the most widely used staining procedure in bacteriology, there has been no wholly acceptable explanation of the mechanism of its reaction despite the great proliferation of theories advanced since the description of the technique by Christian Gram in 1884. Many ...
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN PLANT DISEASE
... Suicide, in human terms, is intellectually difficult to accept and generally viewed as impulsive or irrational and inconsistent with balanced behavior. Suicide in cellular terms, however, is exactly the converse: it is pervasive, organized, rational, and leads to organismal balance, both in developm ...
... Suicide, in human terms, is intellectually difficult to accept and generally viewed as impulsive or irrational and inconsistent with balanced behavior. Suicide in cellular terms, however, is exactly the converse: it is pervasive, organized, rational, and leads to organismal balance, both in developm ...
Mechanism of action
... normally in spectrun of ATB efficiency and without any influence of preliminary therapy with that ATB -secundary – not senzitivity of the strain belonging to the spectrum of ATB, that arisis after exposition to the that ATB -mutational – related to previous therapy, mutation – resistention – multipl ...
... normally in spectrun of ATB efficiency and without any influence of preliminary therapy with that ATB -secundary – not senzitivity of the strain belonging to the spectrum of ATB, that arisis after exposition to the that ATB -mutational – related to previous therapy, mutation – resistention – multipl ...
Cytoskeletal Elements in Bacteria
... All cytoskeletal elements known from eukaryotic cells are also present in bacteria, where they perform vital tasks in many aspects of the physiology of the cell. Bacterial tubulin (FtsZ), actin (MreB), and intermediate filament (IF) proteins are key elements in cell division, chromosome and plasmid s ...
... All cytoskeletal elements known from eukaryotic cells are also present in bacteria, where they perform vital tasks in many aspects of the physiology of the cell. Bacterial tubulin (FtsZ), actin (MreB), and intermediate filament (IF) proteins are key elements in cell division, chromosome and plasmid s ...
Roles for Rice Membrane Dynamics and Plasmodesmata during
... breached the plant PM and grew directly within the rice cytoplasm (Koga and Horino, 1984b; Heath et al., 1992). Biotrophic hyphae produced by other fungi and oomycetes, including (hemi)biotrophic pathogens and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts, are embedded in the plant cytoplasm but remain separated ...
... breached the plant PM and grew directly within the rice cytoplasm (Koga and Horino, 1984b; Heath et al., 1992). Biotrophic hyphae produced by other fungi and oomycetes, including (hemi)biotrophic pathogens and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts, are embedded in the plant cytoplasm but remain separated ...
Animal and Plant Cell Culture: An Introduction
... Outcome 4 Perform practical experiments related to cell culture Guidance on suitable practical experiments for assessment purposes is given elsewhere in this document. However, it is envisaged that learners will also participate in a range of other practical experiments which will both develop the ...
... Outcome 4 Perform practical experiments related to cell culture Guidance on suitable practical experiments for assessment purposes is given elsewhere in this document. However, it is envisaged that learners will also participate in a range of other practical experiments which will both develop the ...
Evidence for land plant cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms in
... plants, and ancestral CGA were unique in giving rise to the land plant lineage. The cell wall has been suggested to be a defining structure that enabled the green algal ancestor to colonize land. These cell walls provide support and protection, are a source of signalling molecules, and provide devel ...
... plants, and ancestral CGA were unique in giving rise to the land plant lineage. The cell wall has been suggested to be a defining structure that enabled the green algal ancestor to colonize land. These cell walls provide support and protection, are a source of signalling molecules, and provide devel ...
Gumbo JR and Cloete TE
... cells leading to photo-inhibition. There were ultra-structural changes that occurred in bacteria treated M. aeruginosa cells. SEM images showed swollen M. aeruginosa cells due to cell membrane damage and increased osmotic pressure. The production of intracellular stress related structures by M. aeru ...
... cells leading to photo-inhibition. There were ultra-structural changes that occurred in bacteria treated M. aeruginosa cells. SEM images showed swollen M. aeruginosa cells due to cell membrane damage and increased osmotic pressure. The production of intracellular stress related structures by M. aeru ...
The Mucopeptides of Bacterial Cell Walls. A Review
... The basal unit was apparent from the results of Cummins & Harris, because they had, so to speak, stripped the meat off the walls with enzymes, leaving only the rigid framework. However, these results give an over-simplified idea of cell-wall structure, and it should be realized that freshly separate ...
... The basal unit was apparent from the results of Cummins & Harris, because they had, so to speak, stripped the meat off the walls with enzymes, leaving only the rigid framework. However, these results give an over-simplified idea of cell-wall structure, and it should be realized that freshly separate ...
Get PDF file - Botanik in Bonn
... Without going over the arguments of an organismal versus a cellular conception of morphogenesis, it is fairly obvious that only animal cells are truly multicellular whereas higher plants are coenocyte-like organisms because their cellulosic walls (extracellular matrices) only partly enclose the cyto ...
... Without going over the arguments of an organismal versus a cellular conception of morphogenesis, it is fairly obvious that only animal cells are truly multicellular whereas higher plants are coenocyte-like organisms because their cellulosic walls (extracellular matrices) only partly enclose the cyto ...
Genetic modification of wood quality for second
... promising utilization of transgenic woods as raw materials for ethanol production. Cellulose Biosynthesis and Genetic Modification It is estimated that approximately 1.5 x 1015 kilograms of cellulose is produced annually, which makes it an abundant renewable biomaterial.35,36 Cellulose is a simple a ...
... promising utilization of transgenic woods as raw materials for ethanol production. Cellulose Biosynthesis and Genetic Modification It is estimated that approximately 1.5 x 1015 kilograms of cellulose is produced annually, which makes it an abundant renewable biomaterial.35,36 Cellulose is a simple a ...
Intrusive growth of flax phloem fibers is of intercalary type
... and Emons 2000), and longitudinally aligned microfilaments (Ketelaar et al. 2002, 2003) and longitudinally aligned microtubules (Sieberer et al. 2002) in the subapical region, whereas cells with diffuse growth do not show such organization. The study on the mechanism of intrusive growth is hampered ...
... and Emons 2000), and longitudinally aligned microfilaments (Ketelaar et al. 2002, 2003) and longitudinally aligned microtubules (Sieberer et al. 2002) in the subapical region, whereas cells with diffuse growth do not show such organization. The study on the mechanism of intrusive growth is hampered ...
Plant Development Cell and Developmental Biology Part 1B Prof
... germination, the Arabidopsis apical meristem gives rise to many small primordia which develop at the meristem periphery. These primordia undergo cell division and differentiation to develop into organs such as leaves or into additional meristems. After a phase of vegetative growth, the shoot apex cha ...
... germination, the Arabidopsis apical meristem gives rise to many small primordia which develop at the meristem periphery. These primordia undergo cell division and differentiation to develop into organs such as leaves or into additional meristems. After a phase of vegetative growth, the shoot apex cha ...
Worksheet
... After that, the mass of water in beaker 3 is measured to find out the amount of water lost due to evaporation (initial volume is 50 g). Meanwhile, the mass of water in beaker 2 is also measured and the change in mass of water is compared with that in beaker 3. Meanwhile, the mass of potato in beaker ...
... After that, the mass of water in beaker 3 is measured to find out the amount of water lost due to evaporation (initial volume is 50 g). Meanwhile, the mass of water in beaker 2 is also measured and the change in mass of water is compared with that in beaker 3. Meanwhile, the mass of potato in beaker ...
Autophagic Components Contribute to Hypersensitive Cell Death in
... we examined whether uncontrolled cell death could also be observed in Arabidopsis autophagy-deficient knockout mutants. First, we challenged the loss-of-function mutants atg7 and atg9 (Doelling et al., 2002; Thompson et al., 2005) with avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC300 ...
... we examined whether uncontrolled cell death could also be observed in Arabidopsis autophagy-deficient knockout mutants. First, we challenged the loss-of-function mutants atg7 and atg9 (Doelling et al., 2002; Thompson et al., 2005) with avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC300 ...
Lysosomal biogenesis and function is critical for necrotic cell death
... death that occurs during stroke in mammals (Hall et al., 1997; Lee et al., 1999; Nicotera et al., 1999). Thus, vertebrates and C. elegans share a death mechanism that involves the hyperactivation of ion channels. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that a threshold of ion influx is ...
... death that occurs during stroke in mammals (Hall et al., 1997; Lee et al., 1999; Nicotera et al., 1999). Thus, vertebrates and C. elegans share a death mechanism that involves the hyperactivation of ion channels. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that a threshold of ion influx is ...
Somatic Cytokinesis and Pollen Maturation in Arabidopsis
... types of pollen grains. Fifty percent of the pollen grains had a normal ellipsoidal morphology and fluoresced homogenously (Figure 2B). The other half of the pollen grains showed random deposits of material that was not stained by PI (Figures 2C and 2D). In severely affected pollen with a shriveled ...
... types of pollen grains. Fifty percent of the pollen grains had a normal ellipsoidal morphology and fluoresced homogenously (Figure 2B). The other half of the pollen grains showed random deposits of material that was not stained by PI (Figures 2C and 2D). In severely affected pollen with a shriveled ...
AGL61 Interacts with AGL80 and Is Required for
... The central cell of the female gametophyte plays a role in pollen tube guidance and in regulating the initiation of endosperm development. Following fertilization, the central cell gives rise to the seed’s endosperm, which nourishes the developing embryo within the seed. The molecular mechanisms con ...
... The central cell of the female gametophyte plays a role in pollen tube guidance and in regulating the initiation of endosperm development. Following fertilization, the central cell gives rise to the seed’s endosperm, which nourishes the developing embryo within the seed. The molecular mechanisms con ...
Degradation of the plant cell wall by nematodes
... primary wall, which surrounds actively growing cells, and the secondary wall, which is deposited as the plant cell matures. Primary walls are deposited during cell growth, and need to be both mechanically stable and sufficiently extensible to permit cell expansion while avoiding the rupture of cell ...
... primary wall, which surrounds actively growing cells, and the secondary wall, which is deposited as the plant cell matures. Primary walls are deposited during cell growth, and need to be both mechanically stable and sufficiently extensible to permit cell expansion while avoiding the rupture of cell ...
Foundations - Cells, organelles and cell boundaries
... The 2 major classes of cells are defined by the presence or absence of a nucleus; Eukaryotic (with nucleus) and Prokaryotic (without nucleus). Eukaryotes can be further divided into unicellular (only one cell, like prokaryotes) and multicellular (like us) organisms. ...
... The 2 major classes of cells are defined by the presence or absence of a nucleus; Eukaryotic (with nucleus) and Prokaryotic (without nucleus). Eukaryotes can be further divided into unicellular (only one cell, like prokaryotes) and multicellular (like us) organisms. ...
Symmetry, asymmetry, and the cell cycle in plants: known knowns
... Several symmetry-breaking processes are regulated by ROP GTPases in plants (Yang and Lavagi, 2012). In Arabidopsis, all Rho-related GTPases belong to the ROP subfamily, and six of the 11 Arabidopsis ROPs participate in cell polarity (Yang, 2008). ROP1 participates in the growth of pollen tube tips. ...
... Several symmetry-breaking processes are regulated by ROP GTPases in plants (Yang and Lavagi, 2012). In Arabidopsis, all Rho-related GTPases belong to the ROP subfamily, and six of the 11 Arabidopsis ROPs participate in cell polarity (Yang, 2008). ROP1 participates in the growth of pollen tube tips. ...
Level 3 (2013 syllabus revision) plant tissues
... short, wide cells with perforated end walls, heavily strengthened withlignin and strung end to end to make continuous "tubes" for conducting water throughout the plant. These are dead cells at maturity with no nucleus. Vessels are the principal water-conducting cells in the Flowering plants, the ang ...
... short, wide cells with perforated end walls, heavily strengthened withlignin and strung end to end to make continuous "tubes" for conducting water throughout the plant. These are dead cells at maturity with no nucleus. Vessels are the principal water-conducting cells in the Flowering plants, the ang ...
Cell size: a consequence of growth and division?
... division. In model four, division, which decreases cell size past a particular threshold, triggers cell growth. In each of the above cases, growth and cell division are regulated such that when a cell enters mitosis it has achieved the appropriate size. These mechanisms are not all mutually exclusiv ...
... division. In model four, division, which decreases cell size past a particular threshold, triggers cell growth. In each of the above cases, growth and cell division are regulated such that when a cell enters mitosis it has achieved the appropriate size. These mechanisms are not all mutually exclusiv ...
Sucrose Cleavage Pathways in Aspen Wood
... showed the localization of SUS in cytosol, mitochondria and nuclei (Subbaiah et al., 2006). In another example, co-immuno-detection of Arabidopsis SUS2 and E37 which is a polypeptide of the inner plastid envelope showed SUS association with plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana embryo, endosperm and seed ...
... showed the localization of SUS in cytosol, mitochondria and nuclei (Subbaiah et al., 2006). In another example, co-immuno-detection of Arabidopsis SUS2 and E37 which is a polypeptide of the inner plastid envelope showed SUS association with plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana embryo, endosperm and seed ...
Cell wall
The cell wall is a tough, flexible and sometimes rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection. In addition, the cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell. Cell walls are found in plants, fungi and prokaryotic cells but not in mycoplasmas.The composition of the cell wall varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. In bacteria, peptidoglycan forms the cell wall. Archaean cell walls have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin, and algae typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica. Often, other accessory molecules are found anchored to the cell wall.