BIL 226, General Botany – Krempels Study Guide for Exam I
... Know the three primary meristems, their relative positions in the embryo, and the tissues to which each gives rise. Know the ploidy of the various parts of the angiosperm seed: seed coat, endosperm, embryo, etc. Review different modes of seed dispersal. Understand the concept of after-ripening, and ...
... Know the three primary meristems, their relative positions in the embryo, and the tissues to which each gives rise. Know the ploidy of the various parts of the angiosperm seed: seed coat, endosperm, embryo, etc. Review different modes of seed dispersal. Understand the concept of after-ripening, and ...
Plant Oligosaccharides – Outsiders among Elicitors?
... It has been more than 40 years since the discovery of the biological activity of oligosaccharide fragments of plant cell wall polysaccharides [1, 2]. Identification of the regulatory role of these compounds was associated with the study of the interaction of plants with pathogens. The cell wall poly ...
... It has been more than 40 years since the discovery of the biological activity of oligosaccharide fragments of plant cell wall polysaccharides [1, 2]. Identification of the regulatory role of these compounds was associated with the study of the interaction of plants with pathogens. The cell wall poly ...
Author`s personal copy
... display cell cycle asynchrony from the 16-cell stage. For example, at the 16-cell stage, 8 vegetal blastomeres divide before the 8 animal blastomeres creating a brief 24-cell stage embryo. Remarkably, this pattern of cell division has been conserved in very distantly-related ascidian species from di ...
... display cell cycle asynchrony from the 16-cell stage. For example, at the 16-cell stage, 8 vegetal blastomeres divide before the 8 animal blastomeres creating a brief 24-cell stage embryo. Remarkably, this pattern of cell division has been conserved in very distantly-related ascidian species from di ...
Biochemical bases of appearance and texture changes in fresh
... it (Hrazdina and Wagner, 1985). Once formed, these compounds are glycosylated and then are extruded within transport vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. These vesicles are the vehicle by which the phenolic compounds are transported to the vacuole or into the apoplast/cell wall c ...
... it (Hrazdina and Wagner, 1985). Once formed, these compounds are glycosylated and then are extruded within transport vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. These vesicles are the vehicle by which the phenolic compounds are transported to the vacuole or into the apoplast/cell wall c ...
Ch. 27 - Flowering Plants: Reproduction
... resumes growth and metabolic activity – Length of time seeds retain their viability is quite variable – Some seeds do not germinate until they have been through a dormant period • Temperate zones - Cold Weather ...
... resumes growth and metabolic activity – Length of time seeds retain their viability is quite variable – Some seeds do not germinate until they have been through a dormant period • Temperate zones - Cold Weather ...
The role of the secondary cell wall in plant resistance to pathogens
... (Panstruga et al., 2009). Given that green plants are the ultimate source of energy for most other organisms, it is not surprising that plants have evolved a plethora of resistance mechanisms which are either constitutively present or induced after pathogen attack (Glazebrook, 2005; Panstruga et al. ...
... (Panstruga et al., 2009). Given that green plants are the ultimate source of energy for most other organisms, it is not surprising that plants have evolved a plethora of resistance mechanisms which are either constitutively present or induced after pathogen attack (Glazebrook, 2005; Panstruga et al. ...
Probing cytoplasmic viscosity in the confined geometry of
... but this approach requires being able to image and track single fluorescently labeled targets in three dimensions, over the time scales relevant to the objects’ motion [25]. FCS is an attractive alternative [17, 26], which does not use information at the single-particle level, however, it does requi ...
... but this approach requires being able to image and track single fluorescently labeled targets in three dimensions, over the time scales relevant to the objects’ motion [25]. FCS is an attractive alternative [17, 26], which does not use information at the single-particle level, however, it does requi ...
CYTOKINESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
Cytokinesis in Higher Plants
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
CYTOKINESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
... in diameter (74). The smaller dark vesicles predominate initially, whereas the larger light vesicles appear more numerous at a later stage of cell plate formation. Both size calculations and the occurrence of hourglass-shaped putative vesicle fusion intermediates suggest that pairwise fusion of smal ...
control of cell division of the intracellular chlorella symbionts in
... remains constant in normal culture conditions, although potentially the algae have a much higher growth rate than their animal hosts. Numbers of algae per cell vary along the body column, cells in the gastric region containing more than those of the head or peduncle. This relationship is disturbed i ...
... remains constant in normal culture conditions, although potentially the algae have a much higher growth rate than their animal hosts. Numbers of algae per cell vary along the body column, cells in the gastric region containing more than those of the head or peduncle. This relationship is disturbed i ...
Chapter 2.3 Active Cell Processes: Motility, Muscle, and Mechanotransduction
... motion of a cell adhering to a 2-dimensional substrate. Many of the same elements may be applicable in 3-dimensional migration through a matrix, but we understand that process much less well at this point in time. [A wealth of images and movies showing the migration of various types of cell can be f ...
... motion of a cell adhering to a 2-dimensional substrate. Many of the same elements may be applicable in 3-dimensional migration through a matrix, but we understand that process much less well at this point in time. [A wealth of images and movies showing the migration of various types of cell can be f ...
Multiscale View of Cytoskeletal Mechanoregulation of Cell and
... (transport or contraction). Myosins’ ability to “walk” unidirectionally along actin fibers and rotate the actin filament with constant handedness (Sase et al. 1997; Beausang et al. 2008) renders them key players in the generation and maintenance of cell polarity. The myosin superfamily is large and ...
... (transport or contraction). Myosins’ ability to “walk” unidirectionally along actin fibers and rotate the actin filament with constant handedness (Sase et al. 1997; Beausang et al. 2008) renders them key players in the generation and maintenance of cell polarity. The myosin superfamily is large and ...
Document
... supplement commonly used in media for mammalian cell culture system. Serum contains amino acids, proteins, growth factors, hormones, vitamins, inorganic substances, nutrients and metabolites; which promote and sustain cell growth as well as provide buffering condition and protection to cells. Serum, ...
... supplement commonly used in media for mammalian cell culture system. Serum contains amino acids, proteins, growth factors, hormones, vitamins, inorganic substances, nutrients and metabolites; which promote and sustain cell growth as well as provide buffering condition and protection to cells. Serum, ...
J153
... x-ray studies focus on the water emergence at the pore scale, the overall impact on performance has not been reported. The same is also true for optical imaging, which evaluates the water content in the reactant channels without correlating it to the performance of the cell [11,42e45]. Visualization ...
... x-ray studies focus on the water emergence at the pore scale, the overall impact on performance has not been reported. The same is also true for optical imaging, which evaluates the water content in the reactant channels without correlating it to the performance of the cell [11,42e45]. Visualization ...
Lecture 6B
... – the ovary contains one or more ovules – site of the megaspore, the female gametophyte & the egg – these ovules when fertilized develop into seeds within a fruit ...
... – the ovary contains one or more ovules – site of the megaspore, the female gametophyte & the egg – these ovules when fertilized develop into seeds within a fruit ...
The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated
... protein 125c (AtKRP125c), a member of the plus end kinesin5 group, plays a role in establishing the spindle structure and cross-linking antiparallel MTs at the midzone (Wiedemeier et al., 2002; Bannigan et al., 2007). γ-Tubulin is distributed throughout the mitotic spindle and plays an indispensable ...
... protein 125c (AtKRP125c), a member of the plus end kinesin5 group, plays a role in establishing the spindle structure and cross-linking antiparallel MTs at the midzone (Wiedemeier et al., 2002; Bannigan et al., 2007). γ-Tubulin is distributed throughout the mitotic spindle and plays an indispensable ...
analysis of the significance of a periodic, cell size
... synthesis at points in their cell cycles when they have very similar protein contents per cell (Fraser & Nurse, 19786). Similarly, the 2 haploid strains have similar protein contents per cell when they double their rates of poly(A)+mRNA synthesis (Fraser & Nurse, 1978 a). All 5 strains double their ...
... synthesis at points in their cell cycles when they have very similar protein contents per cell (Fraser & Nurse, 19786). Similarly, the 2 haploid strains have similar protein contents per cell when they double their rates of poly(A)+mRNA synthesis (Fraser & Nurse, 1978 a). All 5 strains double their ...
Exocytosis and cell polarity in plants exocyst and recycling domains
... In metazoans, vesiculation of the whole Golgi complex takes place during mitosis; it can also be induced by ilimaquinone (Bard & Malhotra, 2006). This process, as well as TPC formation, requires trimeric G-proteins and a serine/threonine protein kinase D (PKD) interacting with DAG membrane domains ( ...
... In metazoans, vesiculation of the whole Golgi complex takes place during mitosis; it can also be induced by ilimaquinone (Bard & Malhotra, 2006). This process, as well as TPC formation, requires trimeric G-proteins and a serine/threonine protein kinase D (PKD) interacting with DAG membrane domains ( ...
Pausing of Golgi Bodies on Microtubules Regulates
... CSC density; however, we never observed characteristic CGAinduced compartments with normal density near the cell surface (41 cells from two independent treatments; Figure 3L). In one cell, we found a small group of aligned particles resembling CGAinduced compartments, but these particles were statio ...
... CSC density; however, we never observed characteristic CGAinduced compartments with normal density near the cell surface (41 cells from two independent treatments; Figure 3L). In one cell, we found a small group of aligned particles resembling CGAinduced compartments, but these particles were statio ...
Emerging regulatory mechanisms in ubiquitin
... ubiquitin chains were discovered as the product of the human APC/C, it was found that they target mitotic regulators for proteasomal degradation (Jin et al., 2008). Using linkage-specific antibodies, it was observed that the abundance of K11-linked chains increases dramatically when cells activate t ...
... ubiquitin chains were discovered as the product of the human APC/C, it was found that they target mitotic regulators for proteasomal degradation (Jin et al., 2008). Using linkage-specific antibodies, it was observed that the abundance of K11-linked chains increases dramatically when cells activate t ...
Development of functional symbiotic white clover root hairs and
... induced by ANU843wt and ANU843C2+. Bright field light microscopy showed that wild-type nodules had the typical histology of indeterminate effective nodules with differentiated meristematic, infection, and bacteroid zones (Fig. 3B). Details of representative sections of the wild-type bacteroid zone c ...
... induced by ANU843wt and ANU843C2+. Bright field light microscopy showed that wild-type nodules had the typical histology of indeterminate effective nodules with differentiated meristematic, infection, and bacteroid zones (Fig. 3B). Details of representative sections of the wild-type bacteroid zone c ...
Plant cell walls to ethanol
... [20]. Hemicellulose polysaccharides are shorter than those of cellulose (DP of 200 or less) and they are often branched, with short chains containing other sugars, acetyl groups and phenolic groups (Figure 1). Structural heterogeneity is a hallmark of hemicelluloses, arisen due to the physical benef ...
... [20]. Hemicellulose polysaccharides are shorter than those of cellulose (DP of 200 or less) and they are often branched, with short chains containing other sugars, acetyl groups and phenolic groups (Figure 1). Structural heterogeneity is a hallmark of hemicelluloses, arisen due to the physical benef ...
Selective protein degradation: a rheostat to
... protein KPC1, the Arabidopsis RING protein named RKP (Related to KPC1) was identified and suspected to be also responsible for KRP1 proteasomal degradation (Ren et al., 2008). Nevertheless, no obvious developmental defects that would be expected for strong KRP protein accumulation could be observed ...
... protein KPC1, the Arabidopsis RING protein named RKP (Related to KPC1) was identified and suspected to be also responsible for KRP1 proteasomal degradation (Ren et al., 2008). Nevertheless, no obvious developmental defects that would be expected for strong KRP protein accumulation could be observed ...
Cell wall
The cell wall is a tough, flexible and sometimes rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection. In addition, the cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell. Cell walls are found in plants, fungi and prokaryotic cells but not in mycoplasmas.The composition of the cell wall varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. In bacteria, peptidoglycan forms the cell wall. Archaean cell walls have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin, and algae typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica. Often, other accessory molecules are found anchored to the cell wall.