Pausing of Golgi Bodies on Microtubules Regulates
... CSC density; however, we never observed characteristic CGAinduced compartments with normal density near the cell surface (41 cells from two independent treatments; Figure 3L). In one cell, we found a small group of aligned particles resembling CGAinduced compartments, but these particles were statio ...
... CSC density; however, we never observed characteristic CGAinduced compartments with normal density near the cell surface (41 cells from two independent treatments; Figure 3L). In one cell, we found a small group of aligned particles resembling CGAinduced compartments, but these particles were statio ...
GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE8 and STEROL
... This article is a Plant Cell Advance Online Publication. The date of its first appearance online is the official date of publication. The article has been edited and the authors have corrected proofs, but minor changes could be made before the final version is published. Posting this version online ...
... This article is a Plant Cell Advance Online Publication. The date of its first appearance online is the official date of publication. The article has been edited and the authors have corrected proofs, but minor changes could be made before the final version is published. Posting this version online ...
A Model for Cell Proliferation in a Developing Organism
... Proliferation. A cell is selected uniformly at random. If the cell at site i is selected, it moves to site i + 1 pushing all cells to the right of it up by one. A new unmarked cell now occupies site i. Times between proliferation events are iid exp(λ). Equivalently. You can think of independent homo ...
... Proliferation. A cell is selected uniformly at random. If the cell at site i is selected, it moves to site i + 1 pushing all cells to the right of it up by one. A new unmarked cell now occupies site i. Times between proliferation events are iid exp(λ). Equivalently. You can think of independent homo ...
Auxin-Dependent Cell Division and Cell Elongation. 1
... of NAA are raised further. These data show that the optimum for the stimulation of cell division is situated at 10 mM when 2,4-D is used as exclusive auxin, whereas it is shifted by 1 order of magnitude when NAA is used instead. It is not clear, however, whether the intracellular concentrations of b ...
... of NAA are raised further. These data show that the optimum for the stimulation of cell division is situated at 10 mM when 2,4-D is used as exclusive auxin, whereas it is shifted by 1 order of magnitude when NAA is used instead. It is not clear, however, whether the intracellular concentrations of b ...
A myosin inhibitor impairs auxin
... day 8. During the second phase of the culture cycle, the frequency of unicellular files gradually recovers to the initial situation. At day 8, the majority of files consists of four or more cells. These files disintegrate subsequently, causing the recovery in the frequency of singular cells. In the ...
... day 8. During the second phase of the culture cycle, the frequency of unicellular files gradually recovers to the initial situation. At day 8, the majority of files consists of four or more cells. These files disintegrate subsequently, causing the recovery in the frequency of singular cells. In the ...
Development
... data support a hypothesis that (lipo)chitin oligosaccharides have mitogenic activity in various organisms. We were interested to know whether an intact LCO molecule is a prerequisite to obtaining cortical cell divisions when it is delivered inside the plant tissue or whether a substructure is suffic ...
... data support a hypothesis that (lipo)chitin oligosaccharides have mitogenic activity in various organisms. We were interested to know whether an intact LCO molecule is a prerequisite to obtaining cortical cell divisions when it is delivered inside the plant tissue or whether a substructure is suffic ...
Cell shape changes indicate a role for extrinsic tensile forces in
... domains changed dimensions along the AP and the DV axes of the embryo (‘total’ strain rates). Next we quantified the average rates of shape change for cells belonging to each domain (‘cell shape’ strain rates). Finally, the strain rates attributable to cell intercalation were derived for each domain ...
... domains changed dimensions along the AP and the DV axes of the embryo (‘total’ strain rates). Next we quantified the average rates of shape change for cells belonging to each domain (‘cell shape’ strain rates). Finally, the strain rates attributable to cell intercalation were derived for each domain ...
Extracellular matrix of the charophycean green algae
... flaccidum, and Spirogyra spp. exhibits significant biochemical diversity, ranging from distinct “land plant” polymers to polysaccharides unique to these algae. The neutral sugar composition of Chlorokybus atmophyticus hot water extract and Spirogyra extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), combined ...
... flaccidum, and Spirogyra spp. exhibits significant biochemical diversity, ranging from distinct “land plant” polymers to polysaccharides unique to these algae. The neutral sugar composition of Chlorokybus atmophyticus hot water extract and Spirogyra extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), combined ...
Protein Dynamics in the Plant Extracellular Space
... present in databases in 2005, Jamet et al. [10] referred that only 1.5% of extracellular proteins were structural proteins. The crosslinking of the structural proteins to the wall polysaccharides is a dynamic process in the cell, developmentally controlled and influenced by the environment. Thus, it ...
... present in databases in 2005, Jamet et al. [10] referred that only 1.5% of extracellular proteins were structural proteins. The crosslinking of the structural proteins to the wall polysaccharides is a dynamic process in the cell, developmentally controlled and influenced by the environment. Thus, it ...
Speciation of Small Molecules and Inorganic Ions in Salmon Egg
... been a few studies on bio-trace elements on the cell basis, which is a fundamental unit of animals and plants. An egg is biologically one cell, in which DNAs, RNAs, and proteins should be synthesized for ontogenesis. It is considered that many elements in egg cells may be engaged in the various biol ...
... been a few studies on bio-trace elements on the cell basis, which is a fundamental unit of animals and plants. An egg is biologically one cell, in which DNAs, RNAs, and proteins should be synthesized for ontogenesis. It is considered that many elements in egg cells may be engaged in the various biol ...
Midbodies and phragmoplasts: analogous structures
... overlap. It consists of the overlapping microtubules as well as associated proteins that bundle these MTs and other proteins that together form a dense protein matrix. This matrix excludes antibodies against MTs, giving a stereotypical region devoid of staining. As the furrow ingresses, the midzone ...
... overlap. It consists of the overlapping microtubules as well as associated proteins that bundle these MTs and other proteins that together form a dense protein matrix. This matrix excludes antibodies against MTs, giving a stereotypical region devoid of staining. As the furrow ingresses, the midzone ...
植物生物学(Biology of Plants)双语课程教案
... •Biological communities, along with the nonliving environment of which they are part, are known as ecological systems, or ecosystems. •The stability of an ecosystem may be disrupted by non-human (Fire, flood) factors or by human (Urbanization, pollution) factors. A large disturbance (Volcanic erupti ...
... •Biological communities, along with the nonliving environment of which they are part, are known as ecological systems, or ecosystems. •The stability of an ecosystem may be disrupted by non-human (Fire, flood) factors or by human (Urbanization, pollution) factors. A large disturbance (Volcanic erupti ...
A Cell is Like A (100 points) You will compare an animal or plant
... ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, vacuole. o Plant Cell Projects MUST include the following 12 organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, ...
... ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, vacuole. o Plant Cell Projects MUST include the following 12 organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, ...
Chapter 4 Review Questions
... 39. The statement “Cells are produced only from existing cells” is part of the ____________________. 40. The ratio of surface area to ____________________ puts limitations on a cell’s size. 41. Eukaryotic cells are much larger and have more specialized functions than prokaryotic cells because they c ...
... 39. The statement “Cells are produced only from existing cells” is part of the ____________________. 40. The ratio of surface area to ____________________ puts limitations on a cell’s size. 41. Eukaryotic cells are much larger and have more specialized functions than prokaryotic cells because they c ...
The roles of microtubules in tropisms
... phototropins, were the first to be described at the molecular level (see ref. [12] for a review). They are autophosphorylating protein kinases that are activated by blue light [12,17,20]. In addition to phototropins cryptochromes, another class of blue light receptors, and phytochromes, red/far-red r ...
... phototropins, were the first to be described at the molecular level (see ref. [12] for a review). They are autophosphorylating protein kinases that are activated by blue light [12,17,20]. In addition to phototropins cryptochromes, another class of blue light receptors, and phytochromes, red/far-red r ...
Arabidopsis ORGAN SIZE RELATED1 regulates organ growth and
... 2009), suggesting that ARGOS ⁄ ARL-modulated organ growth also involves environmental or growth cues during plant development. To gain insights into ARGOS ⁄ ARL-regulated organ growth, we attempted to identify other factors involved in the ARGOS ⁄ ARL-related pathway. Here, we report a novel Arabido ...
... 2009), suggesting that ARGOS ⁄ ARL-modulated organ growth also involves environmental or growth cues during plant development. To gain insights into ARGOS ⁄ ARL-regulated organ growth, we attempted to identify other factors involved in the ARGOS ⁄ ARL-related pathway. Here, we report a novel Arabido ...
Formins: Linking Cytoskeleton and Endomembranes in Plant Cells
... The inventory of plant proteins mediating the connection among the endomembrane structures and the cytoskeleton is thus obviously far from complete. Additional candidates are likely to emerge especially among proteins that can associate with membranes on one hand and bind to microfilaments, microtub ...
... The inventory of plant proteins mediating the connection among the endomembrane structures and the cytoskeleton is thus obviously far from complete. Additional candidates are likely to emerge especially among proteins that can associate with membranes on one hand and bind to microfilaments, microtub ...
Mitochondrion and Chloroplast Regulation of Plant Programmed
... associated hexokinases play an important role in the regulation of PCD in Nicotiana benthamiana [70]. Hexokinase can bind with high affinity to mitochondria at sites in the OMM through its interaction with VDAC [71]. This interaction between hexokinase and the mitochondria is maintained by the serin ...
... associated hexokinases play an important role in the regulation of PCD in Nicotiana benthamiana [70]. Hexokinase can bind with high affinity to mitochondria at sites in the OMM through its interaction with VDAC [71]. This interaction between hexokinase and the mitochondria is maintained by the serin ...
Nitrogen deficiency inhibits leaf blade growth in Lolium
... The epidermis of grass leaf blade is a model system of choice for unravelling cellular processes underlying growth responses. This is because of the presence of a developmental gradient along the leaf axis that spatially separates cell proliferation from cell expansion and maturation, allowing thus ...
... The epidermis of grass leaf blade is a model system of choice for unravelling cellular processes underlying growth responses. This is because of the presence of a developmental gradient along the leaf axis that spatially separates cell proliferation from cell expansion and maturation, allowing thus ...
Parenchyma cells
... Parenchyma – Storage tissue (Seeds) In cereal grains, the endosperm is non-living at maturity except for the outer peripheral layer of the endosperm that is living and is called the aleurone layer. These cells produce the enzymes used to degrade starch to sugar during germination. The aleurone is a ...
... Parenchyma – Storage tissue (Seeds) In cereal grains, the endosperm is non-living at maturity except for the outer peripheral layer of the endosperm that is living and is called the aleurone layer. These cells produce the enzymes used to degrade starch to sugar during germination. The aleurone is a ...
Boron Functions in Plants: Looking Beyond the
... or in pollen tube walls. Why lactifers require so much B remains a mystery. There are long lists of “postulated roles of B” for higher plant growth and development. Gauch and Dugger (1954) in their thorough review listed 15 potential roles for B in plants, and later Parr and Loughman (1983) listed 1 ...
... or in pollen tube walls. Why lactifers require so much B remains a mystery. There are long lists of “postulated roles of B” for higher plant growth and development. Gauch and Dugger (1954) in their thorough review listed 15 potential roles for B in plants, and later Parr and Loughman (1983) listed 1 ...
Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables
... o Sweet potatoes have significant sucrose reserves, but most carbohydrates are locked into starch. Amylase (ß and alpha) are naturally present and must be activated for maximal sweetness. o ß-amylase is relatively heat labile (inactivating at 75-85C) while alphaamylase is more heat stable (up to 100 ...
... o Sweet potatoes have significant sucrose reserves, but most carbohydrates are locked into starch. Amylase (ß and alpha) are naturally present and must be activated for maximal sweetness. o ß-amylase is relatively heat labile (inactivating at 75-85C) while alphaamylase is more heat stable (up to 100 ...
Female Gametophyte Development in Flowering Plants
... to differentiate and forms an archesporial cell, which produces the germline. The archesporial cell enters meiotic development to differentiate a megasporocyte, which becomes distinct by its large size and nuclear morphology (Figure 1a). The megasporocyte then undergoes meiosis to give rise to four ...
... to differentiate and forms an archesporial cell, which produces the germline. The archesporial cell enters meiotic development to differentiate a megasporocyte, which becomes distinct by its large size and nuclear morphology (Figure 1a). The megasporocyte then undergoes meiosis to give rise to four ...
Tracheary Element Differentiation
... Regulation of Secondary Cell Wall Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Programmed Cell Death . . . . . . . . . . CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... Regulation of Secondary Cell Wall Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Programmed Cell Death . . . . . . . . . . CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Monolignol glucosides as intermediate compounds in
... synthesis of coniferin and a slow turnover of this compound (Marcinowski and Grisebach 1977). The concentration of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) is highest at the beginning of May, before the most active lignifying season, June and July, and there ...
... synthesis of coniferin and a slow turnover of this compound (Marcinowski and Grisebach 1977). The concentration of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) is highest at the beginning of May, before the most active lignifying season, June and July, and there ...
Cell wall
The cell wall is a tough, flexible and sometimes rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection. In addition, the cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell. Cell walls are found in plants, fungi and prokaryotic cells but not in mycoplasmas.The composition of the cell wall varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. In bacteria, peptidoglycan forms the cell wall. Archaean cell walls have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin, and algae typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica. Often, other accessory molecules are found anchored to the cell wall.