Plant hormones and growth regulators
... and/or leaf fall; and many other conditions (Table 5). Very small concentrations of these substances produce major growth changes. Hormones are produced naturally by plants, while plant growth regulators are applied to plants by humans. Plant growth regulators may be synthetic compounds (e.g., IBA a ...
... and/or leaf fall; and many other conditions (Table 5). Very small concentrations of these substances produce major growth changes. Hormones are produced naturally by plants, while plant growth regulators are applied to plants by humans. Plant growth regulators may be synthetic compounds (e.g., IBA a ...
lysis strategy of streptococcus pneumoniae bacteriophages
... force (pmf)-dissipating agents on culture lysis allowed concluding that pneumococcal phage lysins accumulate with time across the lytic cycle and are continuously targeted to the cell wall. The phage lysin remains inactive associated with the choline residues within this structure. Therefore, the ac ...
... force (pmf)-dissipating agents on culture lysis allowed concluding that pneumococcal phage lysins accumulate with time across the lytic cycle and are continuously targeted to the cell wall. The phage lysin remains inactive associated with the choline residues within this structure. Therefore, the ac ...
life cycle, cell wall and cell signal transduction
... nuclei. It is distinguished from the final cystic form in that it does not yet have eight well-defined intracystic bodies with associated organelles; rather, it simply has eight nuclei each of which will ultimately be contained in an individual spore (Walzer et al. ...
... nuclei. It is distinguished from the final cystic form in that it does not yet have eight well-defined intracystic bodies with associated organelles; rather, it simply has eight nuclei each of which will ultimately be contained in an individual spore (Walzer et al. ...
Growing Out of Stress: The Role of Cell- and Organ
... affected by water availability (Verslues et al., 2006). For example, some irreversible ...
... affected by water availability (Verslues et al., 2006). For example, some irreversible ...
Pectin: new insights into an old polymer are
... Mackie & Knox, 2001a). Until recently it was accepted that rhamnogalacturonan and homogalacturonan domains constitute the ‘backbone’ of pectic polymers as shown in Fig. 1(A). However, an alterative structure has recently been proposed in which HG is a long side chain of RGI (Fig. 1(B)) (Vincken et a ...
... Mackie & Knox, 2001a). Until recently it was accepted that rhamnogalacturonan and homogalacturonan domains constitute the ‘backbone’ of pectic polymers as shown in Fig. 1(A). However, an alterative structure has recently been proposed in which HG is a long side chain of RGI (Fig. 1(B)) (Vincken et a ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSRJPBS)
... According to David Frederick cutler etal (2008) five other types sunken stomata, tetracytic stomata, stomata with a single subsidiary cell, traditional between diacytic and paracytic, hemidiacytic stomata are also found in plants. A stoma is a small aperture on the surface of land plants. It is surr ...
... According to David Frederick cutler etal (2008) five other types sunken stomata, tetracytic stomata, stomata with a single subsidiary cell, traditional between diacytic and paracytic, hemidiacytic stomata are also found in plants. A stoma is a small aperture on the surface of land plants. It is surr ...
Fibronectin and Other Adhesive Glycoproteins
... and Golgi contribute to the heterogeneity of fibronectin. Fibronectin can be glycosylated, phosphorylated, and sulfated (Paul and Hynes 1984). The intrachain and intramodule disulfide bonds of FN1 and FN2 modules are formed in this step as well. ...
... and Golgi contribute to the heterogeneity of fibronectin. Fibronectin can be glycosylated, phosphorylated, and sulfated (Paul and Hynes 1984). The intrachain and intramodule disulfide bonds of FN1 and FN2 modules are formed in this step as well. ...
Lignin biosynthesis in Norway spruce: from a model system to the tree
... are hollow, interconnected cells that form a continuum from the roots to the leaves and to the shoot apex. These water-conducting cells contain a thick secondary cell wall that mainly consists of parallel chains of cellulose, which are organised through hydrogen bonding to microfibrils and further l ...
... are hollow, interconnected cells that form a continuum from the roots to the leaves and to the shoot apex. These water-conducting cells contain a thick secondary cell wall that mainly consists of parallel chains of cellulose, which are organised through hydrogen bonding to microfibrils and further l ...
Sucrose metabolism: regulatory mechanisms and pivotal roles in
... known paths of sucrose breakdown in vivo. The regulation of these reactions and its consequences has therefore become a central issue in plant carbon metabolism. Primary mechanisms for this regulation involve the capacity of invertases to alter sugar signals by producing glucose rather than UDPgluco ...
... known paths of sucrose breakdown in vivo. The regulation of these reactions and its consequences has therefore become a central issue in plant carbon metabolism. Primary mechanisms for this regulation involve the capacity of invertases to alter sugar signals by producing glucose rather than UDPgluco ...
Actin-Dependent and -Independent Functions of
... (A) The microtubule collar seen in trichomes before branching. (B) Trichome cell with collar and first indication of subapical branching (arrowhead). The bulge shows no microtubules. (C) The bulge is now clearly visible and weakly outlined by microtubules; however, its center is devoid of microtubule ...
... (A) The microtubule collar seen in trichomes before branching. (B) Trichome cell with collar and first indication of subapical branching (arrowhead). The bulge shows no microtubules. (C) The bulge is now clearly visible and weakly outlined by microtubules; however, its center is devoid of microtubule ...
Polarization of the endomembrane system is an early event in fucoid
... the rhizoid pole and organelles deep into the cytoplasm were clearly labeled (Fig. 5a). In contrast, FM4-64 incorporated into the plasma membrane in Lat B-treated zygotes (Fig. 5b), but was not internalized to membranous organelles in any of the zygotes examined (n > 300). Since FM4-64 enters the ce ...
... the rhizoid pole and organelles deep into the cytoplasm were clearly labeled (Fig. 5a). In contrast, FM4-64 incorporated into the plasma membrane in Lat B-treated zygotes (Fig. 5b), but was not internalized to membranous organelles in any of the zygotes examined (n > 300). Since FM4-64 enters the ce ...
Biology - Cellular, Molecular, Professional Emphasis (sample 4 Year Plan) 2011.doc
... Bio 341 Immunology (F) (3 cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 350 Electron Microscopy (F) (4 cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 354 Parasitology (S) (3 cr) Bio 374 Cell Immunology (3cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 389 Biotechnology (S) (3 cr) (if ...
... Bio 341 Immunology (F) (3 cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 350 Electron Microscopy (F) (4 cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 354 Parasitology (S) (3 cr) Bio 374 Cell Immunology (3cr) (if not used to fill preceding requirement) Bio 389 Biotechnology (S) (3 cr) (if ...
Ascorbic acid: metabolism and functions of a multi
... to form ascorbate and dehydroascorbate. The enzymes and processes involved in ascorbate redox reactions and transport are shown in Figure 1 [7-91. Interest in ascorbate has increased in recent years and this review covers advances in our understanding of irs metabolism and functions. The evidence fo ...
... to form ascorbate and dehydroascorbate. The enzymes and processes involved in ascorbate redox reactions and transport are shown in Figure 1 [7-91. Interest in ascorbate has increased in recent years and this review covers advances in our understanding of irs metabolism and functions. The evidence fo ...
Cellulose Biosynthesis: Current Views and
... naturally, and this form also is produced by mutants of Acetobacter xylinum, a bacterium that normally produces cellulose I. The glucan chain arrangement in cellulose II is antiparallel, and this may take place as a result of chain folding during synthesis as demonstrated in A. xylinum (Kuga et al., ...
... naturally, and this form also is produced by mutants of Acetobacter xylinum, a bacterium that normally produces cellulose I. The glucan chain arrangement in cellulose II is antiparallel, and this may take place as a result of chain folding during synthesis as demonstrated in A. xylinum (Kuga et al., ...
Role of the superior turbinate when performing endoscopic
... Figure 2. A. The findings with a 0-degree nasal endoscope after a partial septectomy with removal of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The lower half of the sellar floor is seen before the entrance of sphenoethmoid cell; B. Opening of the left sphenoethmoid cell using a 45-degree curved curet ...
... Figure 2. A. The findings with a 0-degree nasal endoscope after a partial septectomy with removal of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The lower half of the sellar floor is seen before the entrance of sphenoethmoid cell; B. Opening of the left sphenoethmoid cell using a 45-degree curved curet ...
An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development: Plant Anatomy
... appeared since the publication of the seminal textbooks of Katherine Esau during the 1950s and 1960s, but no single book that, in my opinion, incorporates both the basic knowledge of plant anatomy and contemporary information and ideas about the development of structure and form that could be used a ...
... appeared since the publication of the seminal textbooks of Katherine Esau during the 1950s and 1960s, but no single book that, in my opinion, incorporates both the basic knowledge of plant anatomy and contemporary information and ideas about the development of structure and form that could be used a ...
BIOACCUMULATION OF METAL CATIONS BY YEAST AND YEAST
... to bioaccumulate heavy metal cations and to partially define the mechanism of accumulation. ...
... to bioaccumulate heavy metal cations and to partially define the mechanism of accumulation. ...
Dissecting stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals in amyloplasts and
... signal transduction. This allowed us to monitor in parallel Ca2+ dynamics in the bulk cytosol, the cytosolic microdomain just outside plastids (by means of the aequorin chimera targeted to the cytosolic surface of the plastid outer envelope), and the organelle stroma. [Ca2+] in all these subcellular ...
... signal transduction. This allowed us to monitor in parallel Ca2+ dynamics in the bulk cytosol, the cytosolic microdomain just outside plastids (by means of the aequorin chimera targeted to the cytosolic surface of the plastid outer envelope), and the organelle stroma. [Ca2+] in all these subcellular ...
Illustrated Glossary
... in the primary wall containing lignin and suberin. Particularly characteristic of endodermal cells of roots where the band is present in radial and transverse anticlinal walls. Similar cells are sometimes observed in stems, between cortex and stele, also in exodermis cells of some roots. In ferns, i ...
... in the primary wall containing lignin and suberin. Particularly characteristic of endodermal cells of roots where the band is present in radial and transverse anticlinal walls. Similar cells are sometimes observed in stems, between cortex and stele, also in exodermis cells of some roots. In ferns, i ...
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... seen in microbiological solid growth media (e.g. blood agar plate). Until now these colonies have not been appropriately analyzed. However, such morphological variations (opaque and transparent) of bacterial colonies are also true for several diplococcic Gram-positive pathogens including S. mutans ( ...
... seen in microbiological solid growth media (e.g. blood agar plate). Until now these colonies have not been appropriately analyzed. However, such morphological variations (opaque and transparent) of bacterial colonies are also true for several diplococcic Gram-positive pathogens including S. mutans ( ...
Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from
... agricultural chemist, Anselme Payen (1838).Chemically, cellulose is a linear polymer and the glucose unit in the cellulose is linked by β-1,4- glycosidic bonds. The β isomers are arranged in parallel row and the hydroxyl groups in adjacent chains are held together by forming the hydrogen bonds, to h ...
... agricultural chemist, Anselme Payen (1838).Chemically, cellulose is a linear polymer and the glucose unit in the cellulose is linked by β-1,4- glycosidic bonds. The β isomers are arranged in parallel row and the hydroxyl groups in adjacent chains are held together by forming the hydrogen bonds, to h ...
The Epidermis-Specific Extracellular BODYGUARD Controls Cuticle
... characterized by having curved, more elongated leaves with slightly serrated edges. The leaf deformations were observed on both mutants independently of the occurrence of leaf fusions. Some leaf fusions were so strong, it resulted in tearing of laminae and petioles during growth (Figure 1E), similar ...
... characterized by having curved, more elongated leaves with slightly serrated edges. The leaf deformations were observed on both mutants independently of the occurrence of leaf fusions. Some leaf fusions were so strong, it resulted in tearing of laminae and petioles during growth (Figure 1E), similar ...
Classes of programmed cell death in plants
... plants. In animals, the lysosomes can contain more than 50 acid hydrolases, including phosphatases, nucleases, glycosidases, proteases, and lipases. These are capable of digesting most or all of the macromolecules in the cell. Rupture of the lysosomal membrane can result in a rapid PCD due to the ac ...
... plants. In animals, the lysosomes can contain more than 50 acid hydrolases, including phosphatases, nucleases, glycosidases, proteases, and lipases. These are capable of digesting most or all of the macromolecules in the cell. Rupture of the lysosomal membrane can result in a rapid PCD due to the ac ...
Тест по чтению для студентов 2 курса биологического
... The taxonomy of algae is subject to rapid change because new information is constantly being discovered. The study of algae is termed phycology, and one who studies algae is known as a phycologist. In this article the algae are defined as eukaryotic (nucleus-bearing) organisms that photosynthesize b ...
... The taxonomy of algae is subject to rapid change because new information is constantly being discovered. The study of algae is termed phycology, and one who studies algae is known as a phycologist. In this article the algae are defined as eukaryotic (nucleus-bearing) organisms that photosynthesize b ...
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: GENETIC REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGIC CELL... Sudeshna Dutta, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008
... Programmed cell death was initially defined as a series of events that finally leads to the death of a cell (Lockshin and Williams, 1965). This descriptive definition of programmed cell death was validated when it was shown that genes are required for this process, and that they can be placed into a ...
... Programmed cell death was initially defined as a series of events that finally leads to the death of a cell (Lockshin and Williams, 1965). This descriptive definition of programmed cell death was validated when it was shown that genes are required for this process, and that they can be placed into a ...
Cell wall
The cell wall is a tough, flexible and sometimes rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection. In addition, the cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell. Cell walls are found in plants, fungi and prokaryotic cells but not in mycoplasmas.The composition of the cell wall varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. In bacteria, peptidoglycan forms the cell wall. Archaean cell walls have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin, and algae typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica. Often, other accessory molecules are found anchored to the cell wall.