Autophagy and cell death in model organisms
... pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane l ...
... pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane l ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms - IMBB
... pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane l ...
... pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane l ...
Physical and Chemical Basis of Cytoplasmic Streaming
... Twodecades have elapsed since this author wrote a review on cytoplasmic streaming for VolumeI 1 of this series (72). As is the case with other types of cell motility, research on cytoplasmic streaming has madegreat strides during this period--including isolating proteins related to streaming, elucid ...
... Twodecades have elapsed since this author wrote a review on cytoplasmic streaming for VolumeI 1 of this series (72). As is the case with other types of cell motility, research on cytoplasmic streaming has madegreat strides during this period--including isolating proteins related to streaming, elucid ...
antoniadi_et_al._2015.
... et al., 2005), their biological importance remains to be fully ascertained. Genetic studies of both PUPs and ENTs are hampered by the large number of genes in each family and by the fact that the proteins appear also to transport non-CK purine molecules in addition to CKs. The ATP binding cassette t ...
... et al., 2005), their biological importance remains to be fully ascertained. Genetic studies of both PUPs and ENTs are hampered by the large number of genes in each family and by the fact that the proteins appear also to transport non-CK purine molecules in addition to CKs. The ATP binding cassette t ...
3 Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes
... pathways (e.g., Liu and Kolattukudy 1999), they are not as useful for adhesion studies as knockouts of genes directly involved in glue production. However, if multiple compounds can serve as building blocks of a glue, single gene knock-outs may only result in, at best, quantitatively discernible dif ...
... pathways (e.g., Liu and Kolattukudy 1999), they are not as useful for adhesion studies as knockouts of genes directly involved in glue production. However, if multiple compounds can serve as building blocks of a glue, single gene knock-outs may only result in, at best, quantitatively discernible dif ...
Chitin and Chitosan in Fungi - Wiley-VCH
... mycelia, stalks, and spores. The amounts vary between traces and up to 45% of the organic fraction, the rest being mostly proteins, glucans and mannans (Roberts, 1992). However, not all fungi contain chitin, and the polymer may be absent in one species that is closely related to another. Variations ...
... mycelia, stalks, and spores. The amounts vary between traces and up to 45% of the organic fraction, the rest being mostly proteins, glucans and mannans (Roberts, 1992). However, not all fungi contain chitin, and the polymer may be absent in one species that is closely related to another. Variations ...
Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Microtubule
... performed transcript profiling during wood development in poplar, a tree considered as a model for wood development. The majority of the genes upregulated during cellulose biosynthesis encode proteins with known or predictable functions, such as carbohydrate active enzymes (CAzymes). However, some o ...
... performed transcript profiling during wood development in poplar, a tree considered as a model for wood development. The majority of the genes upregulated during cellulose biosynthesis encode proteins with known or predictable functions, such as carbohydrate active enzymes (CAzymes). However, some o ...
Salinity Effects on the Activity of Plasma Membrane H+ and Ca2+
... Okazaki et al., 1996), although others attribute these data to methodological drawbacks of dye loading (Cramer and Jones, 1996). The origin of these [Ca2 ]cyt changes is not clear. Both Ca2 transport through the plasma membrane and Ca2 release from intracellular stores have been suggested as poss ...
... Okazaki et al., 1996), although others attribute these data to methodological drawbacks of dye loading (Cramer and Jones, 1996). The origin of these [Ca2 ]cyt changes is not clear. Both Ca2 transport through the plasma membrane and Ca2 release from intracellular stores have been suggested as poss ...
Flowers under pressure: ins and outs of turgor regulation in
... example, would increase the pressure. Biotic stress, for instance wounding caused by microbe infection, would release turgor pressure. Thus some of the signal transduction and molecular pathways activated in response to environmental stresses could be downstream of cues associated with changes in tu ...
... example, would increase the pressure. Biotic stress, for instance wounding caused by microbe infection, would release turgor pressure. Thus some of the signal transduction and molecular pathways activated in response to environmental stresses could be downstream of cues associated with changes in tu ...
The cell biology of lignification in higher plants
... The canonical lignin monomers, called monolignols, are the non-methoxylated p-coumaryl alcohol, the monomethoxylated coniferyl alcohol and the dimethoxylated sinapyl alcohol which respectively form H- (hydroxyphenyl), G- (guaicyl) and S- (syringyl) units in the lignin polymer. Once these monomers ar ...
... The canonical lignin monomers, called monolignols, are the non-methoxylated p-coumaryl alcohol, the monomethoxylated coniferyl alcohol and the dimethoxylated sinapyl alcohol which respectively form H- (hydroxyphenyl), G- (guaicyl) and S- (syringyl) units in the lignin polymer. Once these monomers ar ...
Structure and Organelles
... Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. – rough endoplasmic reticulum – smooth endoplasmic reticulum ...
... Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins. • The nucleus stores genetic information. • Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. • There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. – rough endoplasmic reticulum – smooth endoplasmic reticulum ...
Full Text - Harvard University
... or sulfur19. The G. minuta morphospecies may include biologically distinct populations that, to date, cannot be distinguished because of post-mortem morphological convergence18,20. Abundant spheroidal microfossils assigned to the genus Huroniospora have also been interpreted either as cyanobacteria1 ...
... or sulfur19. The G. minuta morphospecies may include biologically distinct populations that, to date, cannot be distinguished because of post-mortem morphological convergence18,20. Abundant spheroidal microfossils assigned to the genus Huroniospora have also been interpreted either as cyanobacteria1 ...
Inside A Cell
... 1. I feel like jelly, but my job is important. I am the place where molecules are broken down to produce energy and where other molecules are built up. What am I? ____________________ 2. I am a thin layer that surrounds the cell. I hold all of the organelles in place. I let some things into the cell ...
... 1. I feel like jelly, but my job is important. I am the place where molecules are broken down to produce energy and where other molecules are built up. What am I? ____________________ 2. I am a thin layer that surrounds the cell. I hold all of the organelles in place. I let some things into the cell ...
Impact of invertase overexpression on cell size
... exhibited a severe increase in turgor pressure within epidermis and mesophyll cells. In contrast, turgor and osmotic pressure remained largely constant during rapid stem elongation in darkness ( Kutschera, 1991a, b). Since stem elongation is accompanied by a corresponding accumulation of soluble sug ...
... exhibited a severe increase in turgor pressure within epidermis and mesophyll cells. In contrast, turgor and osmotic pressure remained largely constant during rapid stem elongation in darkness ( Kutschera, 1991a, b). Since stem elongation is accompanied by a corresponding accumulation of soluble sug ...
Eucalyptus grandis cellulose synthase 1 Arabidopsis thaliana MARJA M. O’NEILL
... 1. The structure of primary and secondary plant cell walls and the genes that affect the synthesis of the various cell wall polymers are discussed and a description of cellulose structure in plant cell walls is provided. Thereafter, the review is focused on cellulose biosynthesis. The CesA gene fami ...
... 1. The structure of primary and secondary plant cell walls and the genes that affect the synthesis of the various cell wall polymers are discussed and a description of cellulose structure in plant cell walls is provided. Thereafter, the review is focused on cellulose biosynthesis. The CesA gene fami ...
Jasmonate Controls Leaf Growth by Repressing
... extent facultative (Massonnet et al., 2010). In the plant Arabidopsis, two types of cell cycle have been identified: the mitotic cell cycle and the endocycle (or endoreduplication cycle). The process of endoreduplication, which is an increase of ploidy levels via rereplication of DNA in the absence o ...
... extent facultative (Massonnet et al., 2010). In the plant Arabidopsis, two types of cell cycle have been identified: the mitotic cell cycle and the endocycle (or endoreduplication cycle). The process of endoreduplication, which is an increase of ploidy levels via rereplication of DNA in the absence o ...
Programmed Cell Death in Plants
... other reactive oxygen species (ROS) have become recognized to be key modulators of PCD as well as many other biological processes such as growth, development, and stress adaptation (Gechev et al., 2006). Although specific ROS receptors/sensors remain largely elusive, downstream components of H2O2 an ...
... other reactive oxygen species (ROS) have become recognized to be key modulators of PCD as well as many other biological processes such as growth, development, and stress adaptation (Gechev et al., 2006). Although specific ROS receptors/sensors remain largely elusive, downstream components of H2O2 an ...
Tese Hugo Fraga
... context, the aim of this study was to deepen the knowledge about SE and EC cryopreservation of A. angustifolia, aiming at the identification and elucidation of its control points by means of ultrastructural and biochemical studies. The results achieved allow: obtaining a SE fate map of A. angustifol ...
... context, the aim of this study was to deepen the knowledge about SE and EC cryopreservation of A. angustifolia, aiming at the identification and elucidation of its control points by means of ultrastructural and biochemical studies. The results achieved allow: obtaining a SE fate map of A. angustifol ...
Dynamics of the Cell Cycle: Checkpoints, Sizers, and Timers
... the period of limit cycle depends strongly on the time delay of negative feedback. The cell cycle checkpoint in this model is thus a Hopf bifurcation point, rather than a saddle-node bifurcation as in the models by Tyson and colleagues (Tyson et al., 2001, 2002; Tyson and Novak, 2001). At present, t ...
... the period of limit cycle depends strongly on the time delay of negative feedback. The cell cycle checkpoint in this model is thus a Hopf bifurcation point, rather than a saddle-node bifurcation as in the models by Tyson and colleagues (Tyson et al., 2001, 2002; Tyson and Novak, 2001). At present, t ...
Document
... than in the seed and these fruit tissues may be self-sufficient for this hormone (Jackson and Coombe 1966). The present work with peach supports this view and further suggests that gibberellin levels in a given tissue are intimately associated with cell expansion in that tissue. It is generally acce ...
... than in the seed and these fruit tissues may be self-sufficient for this hormone (Jackson and Coombe 1966). The present work with peach supports this view and further suggests that gibberellin levels in a given tissue are intimately associated with cell expansion in that tissue. It is generally acce ...
Western et al., 2001 - UBC Blogs
... glutaraldehyde (unless otherwise stated) and stained with Toluidine blue. A, Mature wild-type ovule (0 d after pollination [DAP]). B, Wild-type seed coat at 4 DAP. Amyloplasts are visible (arrow) in the outermost two cell layers. C, Wild-type seed coat at 7 DAP. The amyloplasts are larger (arrow) an ...
... glutaraldehyde (unless otherwise stated) and stained with Toluidine blue. A, Mature wild-type ovule (0 d after pollination [DAP]). B, Wild-type seed coat at 4 DAP. Amyloplasts are visible (arrow) in the outermost two cell layers. C, Wild-type seed coat at 7 DAP. The amyloplasts are larger (arrow) an ...
Control of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Plant Cell Growth
... organized in straight files with oblique cellcell junctions (32). Mutations of ACT2 (act21; deformed root hairs (der) 1–1 to 1–3) cause phenotypes restricted to root hair positioning and growth (69, 79). Although overexpression of ACT2 under its own promoter does not cause any strong defects, overexp ...
... organized in straight files with oblique cellcell junctions (32). Mutations of ACT2 (act21; deformed root hairs (der) 1–1 to 1–3) cause phenotypes restricted to root hair positioning and growth (69, 79). Although overexpression of ACT2 under its own promoter does not cause any strong defects, overexp ...
alters cell wall construction
... was increased to 40 M, the tip-focused pattern of Ca2+ distribution dissipated completely (Fig. 2B and C). To investigate whether this decrease of the fluorescence density resulted from the decreased accumulation of Fluo-4/AM dye due to the vaculation in the tip of CdCl2 -treated hairs, we observed ...
... was increased to 40 M, the tip-focused pattern of Ca2+ distribution dissipated completely (Fig. 2B and C). To investigate whether this decrease of the fluorescence density resulted from the decreased accumulation of Fluo-4/AM dye due to the vaculation in the tip of CdCl2 -treated hairs, we observed ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell Plate Formation in
... accumulates thereafter, reaching a maximum during the late PFS stage, when most cell plate growth is completed. ...
... accumulates thereafter, reaching a maximum during the late PFS stage, when most cell plate growth is completed. ...
Cell wall
The cell wall is a tough, flexible and sometimes rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection. In addition, the cell wall acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell. Cell walls are found in plants, fungi and prokaryotic cells but not in mycoplasmas.The composition of the cell wall varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. In bacteria, peptidoglycan forms the cell wall. Archaean cell walls have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin, and algae typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica. Often, other accessory molecules are found anchored to the cell wall.