Excitation of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic and
... Onn, 1989): spike duration was significantly broader in dopaminergic neurons (n ⫽ 14) than in GABAergic neurons (3.3 ⫾ 0.13 vs 1.68 ⫾ 0.23 msec; p ⬍ 0.0005), and spike thresholds were more positive in dopaminergic than in GABAergic cells (⫺44.7 ⫾ 1.4 and ⫺50.8 ⫾ 0.7 mV; p ⬍ 0.05). Dopamine cells pos ...
... Onn, 1989): spike duration was significantly broader in dopaminergic neurons (n ⫽ 14) than in GABAergic neurons (3.3 ⫾ 0.13 vs 1.68 ⫾ 0.23 msec; p ⬍ 0.0005), and spike thresholds were more positive in dopaminergic than in GABAergic cells (⫺44.7 ⫾ 1.4 and ⫺50.8 ⫾ 0.7 mV; p ⬍ 0.05). Dopamine cells pos ...
Functional Connectivity during Surround Suppression in
... plotted at the corresponding electrode position of each neuron is shown in Fig. 2b. It is evident from the figure that two groups of neurons can be distinguished both for their spatial location, as well as the strength of their surround suppression. The lower left part of the array appears to captur ...
... plotted at the corresponding electrode position of each neuron is shown in Fig. 2b. It is evident from the figure that two groups of neurons can be distinguished both for their spatial location, as well as the strength of their surround suppression. The lower left part of the array appears to captur ...
Volume and Number of Neurons of the Human
... video image. The coefficient of error (CE) for the estimates of volumes of the subfields less than 0.10 was achieved by using the nomogram developed by Gundersen and Jensen (1987). This nomogram determines what the interpoint distance of the point lattices should be, so that 50–100 points would hit ...
... video image. The coefficient of error (CE) for the estimates of volumes of the subfields less than 0.10 was achieved by using the nomogram developed by Gundersen and Jensen (1987). This nomogram determines what the interpoint distance of the point lattices should be, so that 50–100 points would hit ...
Impact of thousand-and-one amino acid 2 kinase
... 25 annotated genes or transcripts, and the flanking segmental duplications include an additional 3 genes. Thus, several of the genes contained in this region could be considered good candidates for driving the phenotype on the basis of their expression in the brain or function in neurodevelopment. T ...
... 25 annotated genes or transcripts, and the flanking segmental duplications include an additional 3 genes. Thus, several of the genes contained in this region could be considered good candidates for driving the phenotype on the basis of their expression in the brain or function in neurodevelopment. T ...
Synaptic pathways and inhibitory gates in the spinal cord dorsal horn
... to investigate the excitatory synaptic inputs onto GABAergic inhibitory neurons.17 A subclass of EGFP positive GABAergic neurons had low threshold, A fiber input as well as input from highthreshold fibers (A␦ and/or C). For example, the data shown in Figure 2A were recorded from a neuron that recei ...
... to investigate the excitatory synaptic inputs onto GABAergic inhibitory neurons.17 A subclass of EGFP positive GABAergic neurons had low threshold, A fiber input as well as input from highthreshold fibers (A␦ and/or C). For example, the data shown in Figure 2A were recorded from a neuron that recei ...
Dopamine Neurons Mediate a Fast Excitatory Signal
... reward (Schultz, 1998), whereas reward uncertainty appears to be encoded by a crescendo of DA neuron activity between the conditioned stimulus and reward (Fiorillo et al., 2003). DA responses, which are typically slow (Benoit-Marand et al., 2001) and modulatory, do not mediate direct excitatory or i ...
... reward (Schultz, 1998), whereas reward uncertainty appears to be encoded by a crescendo of DA neuron activity between the conditioned stimulus and reward (Fiorillo et al., 2003). DA responses, which are typically slow (Benoit-Marand et al., 2001) and modulatory, do not mediate direct excitatory or i ...
Changes in GABA Modulation During a Theta Cycle May Be
... (Skaggs et al., 1996). Thus, oscillations in GABAB suppression, which may underlie experimentally observed changes in the strength of synaptic transmission (Wyble et al., 1997), may also optimize sequence disambiguation. Alternatively, synaptic depression due to previous transmission (Markram & Tsod ...
... (Skaggs et al., 1996). Thus, oscillations in GABAB suppression, which may underlie experimentally observed changes in the strength of synaptic transmission (Wyble et al., 1997), may also optimize sequence disambiguation. Alternatively, synaptic depression due to previous transmission (Markram & Tsod ...
Network Self-Organization Explains the Statistics and
... long-term memories are thought to be based on subsets of synapses with long life times [16,17], which may also be comparatively strong [16]. In line with this, the daily fluctuations of dendritic spine sizes, which are closely related to synaptic efficacies, are such that weak synapses can change th ...
... long-term memories are thought to be based on subsets of synapses with long life times [16,17], which may also be comparatively strong [16]. In line with this, the daily fluctuations of dendritic spine sizes, which are closely related to synaptic efficacies, are such that weak synapses can change th ...
Minireview Embarrassed, but Not Depressed: Eye Opening Lessons
... of blocking (for details, see Kim et al., 1998). Medina et al. (2002) hypothesized that the inhibition of climbing fibers could be a signal for extinction and tested this with pharmacological manipulations of activity in the inferior olive. In intact animals, repeated presentation of the tone withou ...
... of blocking (for details, see Kim et al., 1998). Medina et al. (2002) hypothesized that the inhibition of climbing fibers could be a signal for extinction and tested this with pharmacological manipulations of activity in the inferior olive. In intact animals, repeated presentation of the tone withou ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
PDF
... possibility that there are also subpopulations of granule cells that have yet to be discerned. This region is also marked by the presence of large (5-15 pm), irregularly shaped terminals that are filled with round synaptic vesicles and mitochondria. Each terminal is characteristically surrounded by ...
... possibility that there are also subpopulations of granule cells that have yet to be discerned. This region is also marked by the presence of large (5-15 pm), irregularly shaped terminals that are filled with round synaptic vesicles and mitochondria. Each terminal is characteristically surrounded by ...
May 30, 04copy.doc
... Inhibition through the GABAA receptor, a chloride channel itself, is relatively fast. These receptors, when activated, increase the chloride conductance of the membrane, affecting transmitter release in the presynaptic neuron, and producing hyperpolarization or shunting inhibition of the postsynapti ...
... Inhibition through the GABAA receptor, a chloride channel itself, is relatively fast. These receptors, when activated, increase the chloride conductance of the membrane, affecting transmitter release in the presynaptic neuron, and producing hyperpolarization or shunting inhibition of the postsynapti ...
Neurotransmitters
... myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons. Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons. ...
... myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons. Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons. ...
Mechanisms to synchronize neuronal activity
... and Movshon 1999). It may be solved utilizing the temporal structure of neuronal activity (Milner 1974; von der Malsburg 1981). Neurons coding for the same object could be bound together by their synchronous ®ring, and distinguished from neuronal assemblies coding for different objects by an absence ...
... and Movshon 1999). It may be solved utilizing the temporal structure of neuronal activity (Milner 1974; von der Malsburg 1981). Neurons coding for the same object could be bound together by their synchronous ®ring, and distinguished from neuronal assemblies coding for different objects by an absence ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... Another remarkable group of neurons (n=18) changed the firing frequency during licking clusters ("licking cluster (LC) neurons"). Excitatory "licking cluster" neurons The majority of these neurons (n=11) increased their firing frequency 0.3-1.2 sec after licking cluster onsets (excitatory LC neurons ...
... Another remarkable group of neurons (n=18) changed the firing frequency during licking clusters ("licking cluster (LC) neurons"). Excitatory "licking cluster" neurons The majority of these neurons (n=11) increased their firing frequency 0.3-1.2 sec after licking cluster onsets (excitatory LC neurons ...
Mechanisms of Magnetic Stimulation of Central Nervous System
... realistic magnetic stimulation (MS) with compartmental modeling of neurons with arbitrary morphology. The induced electric field for each location in space was combined with standard compartmental modeling software to calculate the membrane current generated by the electromagnetic field for each seg ...
... realistic magnetic stimulation (MS) with compartmental modeling of neurons with arbitrary morphology. The induced electric field for each location in space was combined with standard compartmental modeling software to calculate the membrane current generated by the electromagnetic field for each seg ...
Hasselmo M.E. (2007) Arc length coding by interference of
... CA3 of the hippocampus. However, data and modeling suggest an alternate mechanism for encoding of sequences in which interference between theta frequency oscillations encodes the position within a sequence based on spatial arc length or time. Arc length can be coded by an oscillatory interference mo ...
... CA3 of the hippocampus. However, data and modeling suggest an alternate mechanism for encoding of sequences in which interference between theta frequency oscillations encodes the position within a sequence based on spatial arc length or time. Arc length can be coded by an oscillatory interference mo ...
Realistic synaptic inputs for model neural networks
... model neuron used throughout this discussion consists of an active soma and a single, passive dendritic tree. This arrangement is commonly known as the Rall model of the 11p"roo" [!& 1 q .nA_ i!. bar a long history in the literat13re p; 3, The somm k considered to be the site of the nonlinear proces ...
... model neuron used throughout this discussion consists of an active soma and a single, passive dendritic tree. This arrangement is commonly known as the Rall model of the 11p"roo" [!& 1 q .nA_ i!. bar a long history in the literat13re p; 3, The somm k considered to be the site of the nonlinear proces ...
Chapter 08: The Chemical Senses
... onto glomeruli on each bulb • Each glomerulus receives input from only receptor cells of one particular type • Symmetrical positions • Consistent positions of glomeruli from one mouse to another ...
... onto glomeruli on each bulb • Each glomerulus receives input from only receptor cells of one particular type • Symmetrical positions • Consistent positions of glomeruli from one mouse to another ...
Basal Ganglia and Associated Pathways
... is a source of input into the basal ganglia (striatum) and serves as a modulatory pathway of the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways. Inputs into the pars compacta itself remain unclear, but at least some are from the striatum (striosome). Clinically, this pathway is most important for its ro ...
... is a source of input into the basal ganglia (striatum) and serves as a modulatory pathway of the direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways. Inputs into the pars compacta itself remain unclear, but at least some are from the striatum (striosome). Clinically, this pathway is most important for its ro ...
Motor disorders
... is at rest. Simple spike activity is driven by mossy fiber inputs to granule cells. This activity sets the moment-tomoment firing rate of Purkinje cells important for control of movement. Purkinje cell complex spike activity occurs at very low rates (1-3 Hz), and is driven by climbing fibers. Physio ...
... is at rest. Simple spike activity is driven by mossy fiber inputs to granule cells. This activity sets the moment-tomoment firing rate of Purkinje cells important for control of movement. Purkinje cell complex spike activity occurs at very low rates (1-3 Hz), and is driven by climbing fibers. Physio ...
ARTICLE IN PRESS
... the dentate gyrus (DG) and hippocampal regions CA3 and CA1, as well as connections between the hippocampus and the septum via the fornix (which also contains connections with the mammillary bodies and anterior thalamus). Output from region CA1 reaches the postsubiculum (ps) which projects to entorhi ...
... the dentate gyrus (DG) and hippocampal regions CA3 and CA1, as well as connections between the hippocampus and the septum via the fornix (which also contains connections with the mammillary bodies and anterior thalamus). Output from region CA1 reaches the postsubiculum (ps) which projects to entorhi ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... endowed with a Mexican-hat architecture (Amari 1977; BenYishai et al. 1995), with local excitation between pyramidal cells with similar spatial preference and broad synaptic inhibition from c-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) cells. When the strength of recurrent excitatory synapses is sufficiently ...
... endowed with a Mexican-hat architecture (Amari 1977; BenYishai et al. 1995), with local excitation between pyramidal cells with similar spatial preference and broad synaptic inhibition from c-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) cells. When the strength of recurrent excitatory synapses is sufficiently ...
Spike-and-Wave Oscillations Based on the Properties of GABAB
... generalized spike-and-wave (SW) epileptic seizures. The cellular mechanism of SW involves complex interactions between intrinsic neuronal firing properties and multiple types of synaptic receptors, but because of the complexity of these interactions the exact details of this mechanism are unclear. I ...
... generalized spike-and-wave (SW) epileptic seizures. The cellular mechanism of SW involves complex interactions between intrinsic neuronal firing properties and multiple types of synaptic receptors, but because of the complexity of these interactions the exact details of this mechanism are unclear. I ...
Corticothalamic feedback and sensory processing
... many of the activity patterns and sensory response properties of relay neurons (reviewed in [4–6]). The excitatory influence of the cortex is achieved by monosynaptic connections that are markedly robust in number. Indeed, the number of corticothalamic synapses made onto a relay neuron is much great ...
... many of the activity patterns and sensory response properties of relay neurons (reviewed in [4–6]). The excitatory influence of the cortex is achieved by monosynaptic connections that are markedly robust in number. Indeed, the number of corticothalamic synapses made onto a relay neuron is much great ...