Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... et al., 2011). Recently, it has become evident that L5 PT and IT neurons within rodent PFC possess distinct intrinsic properties, local connectivity, and long-range inputs. Although most of these differences have been characterized in rodents, different categories of PFC pyramidal neurons are also p ...
... et al., 2011). Recently, it has become evident that L5 PT and IT neurons within rodent PFC possess distinct intrinsic properties, local connectivity, and long-range inputs. Although most of these differences have been characterized in rodents, different categories of PFC pyramidal neurons are also p ...
Understanding the Human Sensory Conduction of Smell
... This theory, also called the steric theory, states that a particular odor of a molecule is due to a structural specificity between the odorant and the OR, like a key-and-lock. The basic idea of this theory has been developed since 1949. In 1991, Richard Axel and Linda Buck cloned and identified 1,00 ...
... This theory, also called the steric theory, states that a particular odor of a molecule is due to a structural specificity between the odorant and the OR, like a key-and-lock. The basic idea of this theory has been developed since 1949. In 1991, Richard Axel and Linda Buck cloned and identified 1,00 ...
Impact of a deletion of the full-length and short isoform of
... composed of an extracellular domain containing several cysteinerich motifs, a transmembrane domain, and a non-catalytic intra-cellular domain (Underwood and Coulson, 2008). Two isoforms of the p75NTR exist: a short (s-p75NTR) and a fulllength isoform. The full-length isoform is capable of binding ne ...
... composed of an extracellular domain containing several cysteinerich motifs, a transmembrane domain, and a non-catalytic intra-cellular domain (Underwood and Coulson, 2008). Two isoforms of the p75NTR exist: a short (s-p75NTR) and a fulllength isoform. The full-length isoform is capable of binding ne ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc
... by up to 10 s (for a burst of 1 s duration at about 40 Hz). The baseline depolarization was similar to that seen in interneurons during spontaneous speed changes (compare Fig. 5C with Fig. 1A). When bathed in high-Mg2+, high-Ca2+ sea water, inputs from Cr-SP neurons to swim interneurons were reduced ...
... by up to 10 s (for a burst of 1 s duration at about 40 Hz). The baseline depolarization was similar to that seen in interneurons during spontaneous speed changes (compare Fig. 5C with Fig. 1A). When bathed in high-Mg2+, high-Ca2+ sea water, inputs from Cr-SP neurons to swim interneurons were reduced ...
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... Fig. 1. Gde2 expression in the cortex. (A-C)Sectioned mouse embryonic cortices showing the distribution of Gde2 transcripts. (A⬘-C⬙,D) Sectioned mouse embryonic cortices from WT (+/+) and Gde2–/– (–/–) animals showing distribution of Gde2 protein in cortical neuronal cell bodies and processes using ...
... Fig. 1. Gde2 expression in the cortex. (A-C)Sectioned mouse embryonic cortices showing the distribution of Gde2 transcripts. (A⬘-C⬙,D) Sectioned mouse embryonic cortices from WT (+/+) and Gde2–/– (–/–) animals showing distribution of Gde2 protein in cortical neuronal cell bodies and processes using ...
Directional guidance of interneuron migration to the cerebral cortex
... tested the behavior of tangentially migrating cells in the absence of the cortex. The entire cortex was removed unilaterally and a piece of the MGE obtained from GFPexpressing slices (MGEGFP) was transplanted homotypically and ipsilaterally into the host slice (Fig. 1A). After 48 hours in culture, G ...
... tested the behavior of tangentially migrating cells in the absence of the cortex. The entire cortex was removed unilaterally and a piece of the MGE obtained from GFPexpressing slices (MGEGFP) was transplanted homotypically and ipsilaterally into the host slice (Fig. 1A). After 48 hours in culture, G ...
Electrical Synapses between Dopaminergic Neurons of the
... Data analysis. Off-line analysis was performed using PulseFit-8.50 (HEKA Elektronik) and Igor Pro (Wavemetrics, Lake Oswego, OR). All results were expressed as mean ⫾ SEM, and statistical significance was assessed using the Student’s t test, or the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test when appropriate, a ...
... Data analysis. Off-line analysis was performed using PulseFit-8.50 (HEKA Elektronik) and Igor Pro (Wavemetrics, Lake Oswego, OR). All results were expressed as mean ⫾ SEM, and statistical significance was assessed using the Student’s t test, or the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test when appropriate, a ...
Probing scale interaction in brain dynamics through synchronization
... on its size and on its oscillation frequency. ...
... on its size and on its oscillation frequency. ...
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex - John Allman
... The amplitude of this signal increases with task difficulty.25 When the subject is restless and anxious, the signal is reduced or eliminated; when the anxiety is relieved with drugs, the signal is restored.26,27 These findings suggest that one dimension in the functioning of anterior cingulate corte ...
... The amplitude of this signal increases with task difficulty.25 When the subject is restless and anxious, the signal is reduced or eliminated; when the anxiety is relieved with drugs, the signal is restored.26,27 These findings suggest that one dimension in the functioning of anterior cingulate corte ...
The human medial geniculate body
... [3]. Other parts (for example, the medial division) contain neurons with much broader, often polysensory tuning curves, and an unknown number of representations of the basilar membrane [l]. Moreover. the pattern of brain stem input to these divisions is different [4,42]. Thus, not all parts of the m ...
... [3]. Other parts (for example, the medial division) contain neurons with much broader, often polysensory tuning curves, and an unknown number of representations of the basilar membrane [l]. Moreover. the pattern of brain stem input to these divisions is different [4,42]. Thus, not all parts of the m ...
Neurophysiology/special senses/smell and taste Lect. Dr. Zahid M
... taste buds, which are ovoid bodies measuring 50–70 μm. There are 2 morphologically distinct types of cells within each taste bud: basal cells and taste cells which found at various stages of development. Taste cells are the sensory neurons that respond to taste stimuli or tastants. Each taste bud ha ...
... taste buds, which are ovoid bodies measuring 50–70 μm. There are 2 morphologically distinct types of cells within each taste bud: basal cells and taste cells which found at various stages of development. Taste cells are the sensory neurons that respond to taste stimuli or tastants. Each taste bud ha ...
Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on
... “noise” from the newly formed synaptic connections. ...
... “noise” from the newly formed synaptic connections. ...
The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... field and laboratory were beginning to be appreciated (e.g., Kortlandt, 1962; Schaller, 1963; e.g., Yerkes and Learned, 1925; Yerkes and Yerkes, 1929). These studies contributed to a more sophisticated understanding of cognitive and emotional complexity in great apes and suggested that they deserve ...
... field and laboratory were beginning to be appreciated (e.g., Kortlandt, 1962; Schaller, 1963; e.g., Yerkes and Learned, 1925; Yerkes and Yerkes, 1929). These studies contributed to a more sophisticated understanding of cognitive and emotional complexity in great apes and suggested that they deserve ...
Collateral projections from the median raphe nucleus to the medial
... MS and CA1. Values represent averages over three rostral-caudal levels of MR/DR. The mean number of single-labeled cells/section in MR was 50.6 ⫾ 17.26 with MS (FR) injections and 52.6 ⫾ 14.54 with CA1 (FG) injections. The mean number of singlelabeled cells/section in DR was 13.33 ⫾ 7.86 with MS inj ...
... MS and CA1. Values represent averages over three rostral-caudal levels of MR/DR. The mean number of single-labeled cells/section in MR was 50.6 ⫾ 17.26 with MS (FR) injections and 52.6 ⫾ 14.54 with CA1 (FG) injections. The mean number of singlelabeled cells/section in DR was 13.33 ⫾ 7.86 with MS inj ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... region) are highly variable. Cell morphology, size, and packing density are the main parameters by which various regions or nuclei have been delineated in the central nervous system. However, the variability in dendritic shapes is large enough that one can postulate that the morphology of neurons pr ...
... region) are highly variable. Cell morphology, size, and packing density are the main parameters by which various regions or nuclei have been delineated in the central nervous system. However, the variability in dendritic shapes is large enough that one can postulate that the morphology of neurons pr ...
Enriched Expression of GluD1 in Higher Brain Regions and Its
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
The Circuitry of V1 and V2 - UCSD Cognitive Science
... prepared from tissue sections cut tangentially to the cortical surface reveals characteristic patterns of endogenous metabolic activity when processed for CO. (Bottom) In V1 a fine array of patches is visible. (Top) In V2 a more irregular pattern is present, consisting of pale, thin (arrows) and thic ...
... prepared from tissue sections cut tangentially to the cortical surface reveals characteristic patterns of endogenous metabolic activity when processed for CO. (Bottom) In V1 a fine array of patches is visible. (Top) In V2 a more irregular pattern is present, consisting of pale, thin (arrows) and thic ...
Basal Forebrain Projections to Somatosensory Cortex in
... the cortical cholinergic projection is one neural substrate of this modulation. This hypothesis is based in part on the findings that acetylcholine (ACh) is released in cortex on arousal and sensory stimulation (Celesia and Jasper 1966; Phillis and Chong 1965), and that iontophoretically applied ACh ...
... the cortical cholinergic projection is one neural substrate of this modulation. This hypothesis is based in part on the findings that acetylcholine (ACh) is released in cortex on arousal and sensory stimulation (Celesia and Jasper 1966; Phillis and Chong 1965), and that iontophoretically applied ACh ...
Olfaction
... One idea is that a different population of neurons is active for each odor (or class of odor). However, each olfactory nerve fiber and central olfactory neuron responds to multiple odorants. The spatial distribution of activity in the salamander olfactory bulb is the same for three very different od ...
... One idea is that a different population of neurons is active for each odor (or class of odor). However, each olfactory nerve fiber and central olfactory neuron responds to multiple odorants. The spatial distribution of activity in the salamander olfactory bulb is the same for three very different od ...
Disentanglement of local field potential sources by independent
... spatial resolution and eliminate problems inherent to distant recordings. As a testbed we chose the monolayered CA1 region of the rat hippocampus that offers a number of advantages for verification of the applicability of the mixing model and the cellular identification of separated electrical sourc ...
... spatial resolution and eliminate problems inherent to distant recordings. As a testbed we chose the monolayered CA1 region of the rat hippocampus that offers a number of advantages for verification of the applicability of the mixing model and the cellular identification of separated electrical sourc ...
Neurobilogy of Sleep
... serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and histamine (HA). • Neurons are often characterized with respect to sleep by when they are most active. Some neurons are active during wake, during rapid eye movement (REM) only (REM-on), during REM and wake (wake/REM-on), during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) only ( ...
... serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and histamine (HA). • Neurons are often characterized with respect to sleep by when they are most active. Some neurons are active during wake, during rapid eye movement (REM) only (REM-on), during REM and wake (wake/REM-on), during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) only ( ...
Encoding Information in Neuronal Activity
... rate to signal the strength or significance of a response. This hypothesis was first proposed by [Adrian, 1926] from the study of the relationship between the activity pattern of a stretch receptor in frog muscle and the amount of weight applied to the muscle. Figure 4.1 shows some of the data that ...
... rate to signal the strength or significance of a response. This hypothesis was first proposed by [Adrian, 1926] from the study of the relationship between the activity pattern of a stretch receptor in frog muscle and the amount of weight applied to the muscle. Figure 4.1 shows some of the data that ...
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... brightness/contrast and resolution (set at 600 ppi) with the aid of Adobe PhotoShop 6.0 software. To ascertain that postsynaptic structures contacted by human synaptophysin (ⴙ) terminals belonged to the host, rat motor neurons were identified by their morphology and size (>25 m in soma diameter) and ...
... brightness/contrast and resolution (set at 600 ppi) with the aid of Adobe PhotoShop 6.0 software. To ascertain that postsynaptic structures contacted by human synaptophysin (ⴙ) terminals belonged to the host, rat motor neurons were identified by their morphology and size (>25 m in soma diameter) and ...
physiological organization of layer 4 in macaque striate cortex
... afferents terminate in layer 4 of striate cortex-an arrangement which ensures that most visual information passes through this lamina before becoming available to other cortical cells. As a consequence, most cells in layer 4 do not exhibit the orientation selectivity and binocularity that one normal ...
... afferents terminate in layer 4 of striate cortex-an arrangement which ensures that most visual information passes through this lamina before becoming available to other cortical cells. As a consequence, most cells in layer 4 do not exhibit the orientation selectivity and binocularity that one normal ...