The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
... In several instances differences in the rate and pattern of spontaneous activity in unidentified neostriatal neurons have been found to be related to other differences between these cells. For example, neurons with relatively high tonic spontaneous firing rates have been found to be most likely to s ...
... In several instances differences in the rate and pattern of spontaneous activity in unidentified neostriatal neurons have been found to be related to other differences between these cells. For example, neurons with relatively high tonic spontaneous firing rates have been found to be most likely to s ...
Model of Cortical-Basal Ganglionic Processing: Encoding the Serial
... a modular neural network model of these areas that encodes the serial order of events into spatial patterns of PF activity. The model is based on the topographically specific circuits linking the PF with the basal ganglia. Each module traces a pathway from the PF, through the basal ganglia and thala ...
... a modular neural network model of these areas that encodes the serial order of events into spatial patterns of PF activity. The model is based on the topographically specific circuits linking the PF with the basal ganglia. Each module traces a pathway from the PF, through the basal ganglia and thala ...
The Inferior Parietal Lobule Is the Target of Output from the Superior
... ointment was placed in the eyes. A craniotomy was performed over the parietal lobe, and the dura was incised and reflected to expose the region of interest. The cortex was kept moist by the use of warmed (37– 40°C) sterile saline throughout the entire procedure. Injection sites. One monkey received ...
... ointment was placed in the eyes. A craniotomy was performed over the parietal lobe, and the dura was incised and reflected to expose the region of interest. The cortex was kept moist by the use of warmed (37– 40°C) sterile saline throughout the entire procedure. Injection sites. One monkey received ...
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... to include a combination of morphology, electrophysiological properties and patterns of gene expression1,10. Nevertheless, the most basic schema is based on hodology, which has proved useful during the initial investigation of neuronal subtype development (BOX 2). How are these various projection ne ...
... to include a combination of morphology, electrophysiological properties and patterns of gene expression1,10. Nevertheless, the most basic schema is based on hodology, which has proved useful during the initial investigation of neuronal subtype development (BOX 2). How are these various projection ne ...
A Fast, Reciprocal Pathway between the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... in oxygen). Temperature, expired CO2, electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), heart rate, and arterial oxygen saturation were monitored continuously. Proper anesthetic depth was assessed by monitoring the EEG for changes in slow-wave/spindle activity and the ECG and expired CO2. If chan ...
... in oxygen). Temperature, expired CO2, electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), heart rate, and arterial oxygen saturation were monitored continuously. Proper anesthetic depth was assessed by monitoring the EEG for changes in slow-wave/spindle activity and the ECG and expired CO2. If chan ...
Intracellular study of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in
... The electrical membrane properties of 5tl135tattlsa n.~,~ap~!rSreiiculata (SNR) neurons and the,r postsynapuc responses to si~.mulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STH) were studied in an m vitro slice preparation. SNR neurons were divided into two types based on their electrical membrane properties ...
... The electrical membrane properties of 5tl135tattlsa n.~,~ap~!rSreiiculata (SNR) neurons and the,r postsynapuc responses to si~.mulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STH) were studied in an m vitro slice preparation. SNR neurons were divided into two types based on their electrical membrane properties ...
PAX: A mixed hardware/software simulation platform for
... parameters and describes individual ionic and synaptic conductances for each neuron in accordance with the dynamics of ionic channels. This type of model is necessary to emulate the dynamics of individual neurons within a network. Conductance-based models reduced to 2 dimensions are also very popula ...
... parameters and describes individual ionic and synaptic conductances for each neuron in accordance with the dynamics of ionic channels. This type of model is necessary to emulate the dynamics of individual neurons within a network. Conductance-based models reduced to 2 dimensions are also very popula ...
Nerve Cell Communication - URMC
... conducting branch called an axon. The axon conducts electrical signals called impulses over long distances. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath which acts as an insulated covering and speeds up impulse conduction. The axon ends in short sending branches called terminal branches that send me ...
... conducting branch called an axon. The axon conducts electrical signals called impulses over long distances. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath which acts as an insulated covering and speeds up impulse conduction. The axon ends in short sending branches called terminal branches that send me ...
Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances: A unifying model
... We study the development of spatial representations in a network of rate-based neurons with interacting excitatory and inhibitory plasticity. A single model neuron that represents a cell in the hippocampal formation or adjacent areas receives feedforward input from excitatory and inhibitory synaptic ...
... We study the development of spatial representations in a network of rate-based neurons with interacting excitatory and inhibitory plasticity. A single model neuron that represents a cell in the hippocampal formation or adjacent areas receives feedforward input from excitatory and inhibitory synaptic ...
Lateral olfactory processing
... with the palp covered during presentation. This new approach isolates the lateral inputs to palp PNs (by shielding then from direct sensory input), without eliminating the spontaneous activity of palp ORNs. In this configuration, they found that the odorant-evoked activation of ORNs on the antenna i ...
... with the palp covered during presentation. This new approach isolates the lateral inputs to palp PNs (by shielding then from direct sensory input), without eliminating the spontaneous activity of palp ORNs. In this configuration, they found that the odorant-evoked activation of ORNs on the antenna i ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... synaptic interactions between TC neurons and local inhibitory interneurons, loops between TC and RE neurons, or loops within the RE nucleus. The involvement of the RE nucleus was firmly demonstrated in a series of experiments by Steriade’s group (reviewed in Steriade et al. 1993d; Destexhe and Sejno ...
... synaptic interactions between TC neurons and local inhibitory interneurons, loops between TC and RE neurons, or loops within the RE nucleus. The involvement of the RE nucleus was firmly demonstrated in a series of experiments by Steriade’s group (reviewed in Steriade et al. 1993d; Destexhe and Sejno ...
HB-GAM (pleiotrophin) reverses inhibition of neural
... HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 weeks of postnatal development in rat brain10 corresponding to heightened plasticity of the juvenile brain11. The expression level at t ...
... HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 weeks of postnatal development in rat brain10 corresponding to heightened plasticity of the juvenile brain11. The expression level at t ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... The idea of the present two-part paper is that, at the appropriate level of analysis, there are certain uniformities in the structure of the brain that suggest that some simple general principles of organization must be at work. If this is the case, looking at the tasks performed by the brain from a ...
... The idea of the present two-part paper is that, at the appropriate level of analysis, there are certain uniformities in the structure of the brain that suggest that some simple general principles of organization must be at work. If this is the case, looking at the tasks performed by the brain from a ...
Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10
... brain than it is in the apes, and its supragranular layers have more space available for connections with other higher-order association areas. This suggests that the neural substrates supporting cognitive functions associated with this part of the cortex enlarged and became specialized during homin ...
... brain than it is in the apes, and its supragranular layers have more space available for connections with other higher-order association areas. This suggests that the neural substrates supporting cognitive functions associated with this part of the cortex enlarged and became specialized during homin ...
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in
... observed number of silver grains. Dobs and DNmax are the equivalent diameters of the observed nucleus and the nucleus presenting the maximal labeling intensity, respectively (Appleton et al., 1969; C lark et al., 1990). Figure 1 illustrates the important variations of the apparent diameter of nuclei ...
... observed number of silver grains. Dobs and DNmax are the equivalent diameters of the observed nucleus and the nucleus presenting the maximal labeling intensity, respectively (Appleton et al., 1969; C lark et al., 1990). Figure 1 illustrates the important variations of the apparent diameter of nuclei ...
Pathways for emotions and memory
... which was set to less than 10%), target cell counts, section interval, counting frame size, grid size (the distance along the X-axis, X, and Y-axis, Y, between counting frames), section thickness and guard zone size (West and Gundersen, 1990; West et al., 1991; Gundersen et al., 1999; for review s ...
... which was set to less than 10%), target cell counts, section interval, counting frame size, grid size (the distance along the X-axis, X, and Y-axis, Y, between counting frames), section thickness and guard zone size (West and Gundersen, 1990; West et al., 1991; Gundersen et al., 1999; for review s ...
Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... nucleus (CD, part of the striatum), which is driven by excitatory inputs from many cortical areas including the LIP and frontal eye field25,29. Thus, the cortico–basal ganglia pathway has a modulatory role in the generation of saccadic eye movements. In addition, the striatum is the recipient of pro ...
... nucleus (CD, part of the striatum), which is driven by excitatory inputs from many cortical areas including the LIP and frontal eye field25,29. Thus, the cortico–basal ganglia pathway has a modulatory role in the generation of saccadic eye movements. In addition, the striatum is the recipient of pro ...
J Comp Neurol 2000 Lavenex - University of California, Berkeley
... McEwen, 1992). These results suggest that hormonal changes might be responsible for the seasonal variations of sex differences in spatial learning by producing morphological changes in the hippocampal complex, a brain structure critically involved in spatial learning. A correlation between spatial l ...
... McEwen, 1992). These results suggest that hormonal changes might be responsible for the seasonal variations of sex differences in spatial learning by producing morphological changes in the hippocampal complex, a brain structure critically involved in spatial learning. A correlation between spatial l ...
A Feedback Model of Visual Attention
... areas to higher cortical regions. In addition to this feedforward transmission of information, feedback connections convey information in the reverse direction and lateral connections integrate information across the visual field (Lamme et al., 1998; Lamme and Roelfsema, 2000). Feedforward and feedb ...
... areas to higher cortical regions. In addition to this feedforward transmission of information, feedback connections convey information in the reverse direction and lateral connections integrate information across the visual field (Lamme et al., 1998; Lamme and Roelfsema, 2000). Feedforward and feedb ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... Zhu and Connors 1999; Zhu and Sakmann 1998). EPSPs are followed by an inhibitory potential (IPSP); in fact EPSP-IPSPEPSP sequences have been described in several cortical areas, including rat barrel cortex and cat SI whisker cortex (Hellweg et al. 1977; Zhu and Connors 1999; also see Kleinfeld and D ...
... Zhu and Connors 1999; Zhu and Sakmann 1998). EPSPs are followed by an inhibitory potential (IPSP); in fact EPSP-IPSPEPSP sequences have been described in several cortical areas, including rat barrel cortex and cat SI whisker cortex (Hellweg et al. 1977; Zhu and Connors 1999; also see Kleinfeld and D ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... proportional to the square of the postsynaptic firing rate. In simple neuron models, this generates an interesting form of input selectivity, related to a statistical method called principal component analysis, in which neurons become selective to the linear combination of their inputs with the maxi ...
... proportional to the square of the postsynaptic firing rate. In simple neuron models, this generates an interesting form of input selectivity, related to a statistical method called principal component analysis, in which neurons become selective to the linear combination of their inputs with the maxi ...
PDF file - Izhikevich
... in the number of its neurons and synapses as well as in its anatomical complexity (see Fig. 1). Nevertheless, we made efforts to preserve important ratios and relative distances found in the mammalian cortex (Braitenberg and Schuz, 1991). The ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons was 4/1. The sp ...
... in the number of its neurons and synapses as well as in its anatomical complexity (see Fig. 1). Nevertheless, we made efforts to preserve important ratios and relative distances found in the mammalian cortex (Braitenberg and Schuz, 1991). The ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons was 4/1. The sp ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... inputs within the core. Although dendrites respect the shellcore and patch-matrix boundaries, recurrent axon collaterals may cross these boundaries. Finally, different degrees of overlap between dendritic and axonal arborizations of individual MSN were identified, suggesting various possibilities of ...
... inputs within the core. Although dendrites respect the shellcore and patch-matrix boundaries, recurrent axon collaterals may cross these boundaries. Finally, different degrees of overlap between dendritic and axonal arborizations of individual MSN were identified, suggesting various possibilities of ...
Neuronal rebound spiking, resonance frequency and theta
... and the quantal spacing of grid cell firing fields [12,23]. Self-organization models [24–26] can account for the loss of grid cell firing with inactivation of the hippocampus [27]. Researchers often contrast models using oscillatory interference with those using attractor dynamics or self-organizati ...
... and the quantal spacing of grid cell firing fields [12,23]. Self-organization models [24–26] can account for the loss of grid cell firing with inactivation of the hippocampus [27]. Researchers often contrast models using oscillatory interference with those using attractor dynamics or self-organizati ...