α3β1 integrin modulates neuronal migration and placement during
... impaired in α3 integrin null cells (Fig. 5). The rate of polymerization or depolymerization of actin microspikes within a 1000 µm2 area at the leading edge was measured over time. In wild-type cells, actin microspike elongation or retraction occurred at a rate of 1.27±0.06 µm/minute (n=51), whereas ...
... impaired in α3 integrin null cells (Fig. 5). The rate of polymerization or depolymerization of actin microspikes within a 1000 µm2 area at the leading edge was measured over time. In wild-type cells, actin microspike elongation or retraction occurred at a rate of 1.27±0.06 µm/minute (n=51), whereas ...
Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous
... function and in pathological conditions. For hippocampus the normal function includes changes in excitability linked to learning and memory. However, it also is intimately linked to pathological increases in excitability observed in epilepsy. In C–fibers, excitability controls sensitivity to respons ...
... function and in pathological conditions. For hippocampus the normal function includes changes in excitability linked to learning and memory. However, it also is intimately linked to pathological increases in excitability observed in epilepsy. In C–fibers, excitability controls sensitivity to respons ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... the skin overlying the skull was cut and a craniotomy was performed to allow access to the pretectum and to the pontine nuclei. During surgery, the animals were artificially ventilated with nitrous oxide: oxygen as 3:1 containing 0.3%–1% halothane. In addition, they received doses of pentobarbital a ...
... the skin overlying the skull was cut and a craniotomy was performed to allow access to the pretectum and to the pontine nuclei. During surgery, the animals were artificially ventilated with nitrous oxide: oxygen as 3:1 containing 0.3%–1% halothane. In addition, they received doses of pentobarbital a ...
PDF
... Ganglionic eminences. Transient structures in the embryonic ventral forebrain that serve as the source of striatal neurons and cortical interneurons. The ganglionic eminences are subdivided based on their location (caudal, CGE; lateral, LGE; medial, MGE) and each eminence preferentially gives rise t ...
... Ganglionic eminences. Transient structures in the embryonic ventral forebrain that serve as the source of striatal neurons and cortical interneurons. The ganglionic eminences are subdivided based on their location (caudal, CGE; lateral, LGE; medial, MGE) and each eminence preferentially gives rise t ...
BDNF-induced local protein synthesis and synaptic
... trans-acting factors that recognize the localization element present in the Arc transcripts described by Kobayashi and coworkers also remains to be determined. Another well described dendritic mRNA is the b-actin transcript. b-actin mRNA contains a cis-acting element 54-nucleotide long in the 30 UTR ...
... trans-acting factors that recognize the localization element present in the Arc transcripts described by Kobayashi and coworkers also remains to be determined. Another well described dendritic mRNA is the b-actin transcript. b-actin mRNA contains a cis-acting element 54-nucleotide long in the 30 UTR ...
pdf file - Center for Theoretical Neuroscience
... The roots of the longstanding controversy over the synaptic mechanisms underlying orientation selectivity lie in the complexity of the cortical circuit. It is easy to say that orientation selectivity in cats emerges at a single synapse between the terminals of geniculate relay cell axons and the cor ...
... The roots of the longstanding controversy over the synaptic mechanisms underlying orientation selectivity lie in the complexity of the cortical circuit. It is easy to say that orientation selectivity in cats emerges at a single synapse between the terminals of geniculate relay cell axons and the cor ...
Layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex has the highest
... simultaneous EEG time series recordings in 16 channels is shown in Fig. 1. Similar EEG oscillatory waves but of varied frequency, amplitude, phase and polarity were observed across the different channels. Oscillations with fast frequencies were noted in some segments of EEG recordings. The approxima ...
... simultaneous EEG time series recordings in 16 channels is shown in Fig. 1. Similar EEG oscillatory waves but of varied frequency, amplitude, phase and polarity were observed across the different channels. Oscillations with fast frequencies were noted in some segments of EEG recordings. The approxima ...
Full text - Ip Lab - Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
... Properties of ephrin/Eph underlying their role in synaptogenesis Introduction Neurons communicate with each other via chemical neurotransmission at synapses, morphologically and functionally specialized structures where synaptic vesicles are concentrated at the active zone of the pre-synaptic axon t ...
... Properties of ephrin/Eph underlying their role in synaptogenesis Introduction Neurons communicate with each other via chemical neurotransmission at synapses, morphologically and functionally specialized structures where synaptic vesicles are concentrated at the active zone of the pre-synaptic axon t ...
Review. Glial cells in neuronal network function
... 2007); (v) modulate inhibitory synaptic transmission between interneurons and CA1 pyramidal cells (Kang et al. 1998); (vi) depress inhibitory transmission through activation of group II/III metabotropic glutamate receptors (Liu et al. 2004b). The simultaneous or differential expression of these effe ...
... 2007); (v) modulate inhibitory synaptic transmission between interneurons and CA1 pyramidal cells (Kang et al. 1998); (vi) depress inhibitory transmission through activation of group II/III metabotropic glutamate receptors (Liu et al. 2004b). The simultaneous or differential expression of these effe ...
A Confocal Laser Microscopic Study of Enkephalin
... hypothesized to have a net inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission at the level of the dorsal horn (Fields et al., 199 1). Oncells, in contrast, are inhibited by systemic morphine and are activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have ...
... hypothesized to have a net inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission at the level of the dorsal horn (Fields et al., 199 1). Oncells, in contrast, are inhibited by systemic morphine and are activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have ...
Induction of c-fos Expression in Hypothalamic Magnocellular
... increasein oxytocin neuronal firing during lactation. Thus, either the pattern of activity during lactation is not suitable for the induction of C-$X or an appropriate synaptically driven mechanismis not operating. C&s transcription can be induced in cells by a number of secondmessenger systems,incl ...
... increasein oxytocin neuronal firing during lactation. Thus, either the pattern of activity during lactation is not suitable for the induction of C-$X or an appropriate synaptically driven mechanismis not operating. C&s transcription can be induced in cells by a number of secondmessenger systems,incl ...
100 The Molecular and Structural Basis of Amblyopia
... To study the mechanisms of homosynaptic depression, a paradigm was introduced by Dudek and Bear (1992) in which tetanic electrical stimulation of synapses was used to induce long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission in brain slices (reviewed by Bear, 2003). Although it is now appreciated t ...
... To study the mechanisms of homosynaptic depression, a paradigm was introduced by Dudek and Bear (1992) in which tetanic electrical stimulation of synapses was used to induce long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission in brain slices (reviewed by Bear, 2003). Although it is now appreciated t ...
spiking neuron models - Assets - Cambridge
... (or soma) of a postsynaptic cell is the synapse. The most common type of synapse in the vertebrate brain is a chemical synapse. At a chemical synapse, the axon terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leaving only a tiny gap between pre- and postsynaptic cell membranes, called the synap ...
... (or soma) of a postsynaptic cell is the synapse. The most common type of synapse in the vertebrate brain is a chemical synapse. At a chemical synapse, the axon terminal comes very close to the postsynaptic neuron, leaving only a tiny gap between pre- and postsynaptic cell membranes, called the synap ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... L2/3 neurons also participate in learning-related plasticity. Synapses from the somatosensory cortex to L2/3 neurons are critical for learning new motor skills13 and support long-term potentiation14. Learning causes plasticity in networks of L2/3 cells5,15. L2/3 neurons are thus poised to organize l ...
... L2/3 neurons also participate in learning-related plasticity. Synapses from the somatosensory cortex to L2/3 neurons are critical for learning new motor skills13 and support long-term potentiation14. Learning causes plasticity in networks of L2/3 cells5,15. L2/3 neurons are thus poised to organize l ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... The neuronal morphology and areal and laminar distribution of both PV-ir and CB-ir neurons were qualitatively observed in cortical areas V1 and AI from each age group. For quantitative analysis, both Nissl- and adjacent antibodylabeled sections were used. Some of the Nissl-stained sections used in t ...
... The neuronal morphology and areal and laminar distribution of both PV-ir and CB-ir neurons were qualitatively observed in cortical areas V1 and AI from each age group. For quantitative analysis, both Nissl- and adjacent antibodylabeled sections were used. Some of the Nissl-stained sections used in t ...
A scientific theory of ars memoriae: spatial view cells in a continuous
... different spatial representation are applied during learning, and the synapses between every pair of neurons come to represent the distance between the positions represented by each pair of neurons. The neurons shown are excitatory, and inhibitory neurons maintain the average firing so that once the ...
... different spatial representation are applied during learning, and the synapses between every pair of neurons come to represent the distance between the positions represented by each pair of neurons. The neurons shown are excitatory, and inhibitory neurons maintain the average firing so that once the ...
The role of synaptic ion channels in synaptic
... (Erreger et al, 2004). AMPA receptors are tetrameric ion channels that principally conduct sodium and potassium ions, although, depending on their subunit composition, they can also be permeable to calcium (Gouaux, 2004). NMDA receptors are tetrameric non-selective cation channels that, in addition ...
... (Erreger et al, 2004). AMPA receptors are tetrameric ion channels that principally conduct sodium and potassium ions, although, depending on their subunit composition, they can also be permeable to calcium (Gouaux, 2004). NMDA receptors are tetrameric non-selective cation channels that, in addition ...
The fate of Nissl-stained dark neurons following
... N-DNs increased their pERK immunoreactivity. On the other hand, in the hippocampus the number of dead neurons was approximately the same number as that of the N-DNs, and most N-DNs showed an increased pERK immunoreactivity. These data suggest that not all N-DNs inevitably die especially in the neoco ...
... N-DNs increased their pERK immunoreactivity. On the other hand, in the hippocampus the number of dead neurons was approximately the same number as that of the N-DNs, and most N-DNs showed an increased pERK immunoreactivity. These data suggest that not all N-DNs inevitably die especially in the neoco ...
The NEURON Simulation Environment
... time step, and when it crosses threshold an event is generated for each of the targets. Fan−out from artificial neurons is also very efficient, since their discrete event mechanisms do not have to be checked at each time step. However, the greatest computational savings are offered by synaptic conve ...
... time step, and when it crosses threshold an event is generated for each of the targets. Fan−out from artificial neurons is also very efficient, since their discrete event mechanisms do not have to be checked at each time step. However, the greatest computational savings are offered by synaptic conve ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... interneurons range from 20-50 µm in diameter. The neurons emit 2-4 large primary dendrites that give rise to higher order dendrites that span an area up to millimeter in diameter. Although clearly an aspiny neuron, the distal dendrites may be sparsely invested with spine-like appendages. Unlike the ...
... interneurons range from 20-50 µm in diameter. The neurons emit 2-4 large primary dendrites that give rise to higher order dendrites that span an area up to millimeter in diameter. Although clearly an aspiny neuron, the distal dendrites may be sparsely invested with spine-like appendages. Unlike the ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... and sleep promoting cell groups. Changing levels of adenosine and other substances, acting via specific receptors in these circuits mediate the homeostatic sleep pressure. The sleep-wake cycle is modulated by activity of hypothalamic circadian system. Wake-promoting neurons use noradrenaline, seroto ...
... and sleep promoting cell groups. Changing levels of adenosine and other substances, acting via specific receptors in these circuits mediate the homeostatic sleep pressure. The sleep-wake cycle is modulated by activity of hypothalamic circadian system. Wake-promoting neurons use noradrenaline, seroto ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
... layer 2 neurons but also the subthreshold synaptic input that drives spiking. The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the ear ...
... layer 2 neurons but also the subthreshold synaptic input that drives spiking. The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the ear ...
A Monosynaptic GABAergic Input from the Inferior Colliculus to the
... inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in morphologically identified thalamocortical relay neurons. The inhibitory potentials cannot ...
... inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in morphologically identified thalamocortical relay neurons. The inhibitory potentials cannot ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... synapses at a rate proportional to the square of the postsynaptic firing rate. In simple neuron models, this generates an interesting form of input selectivity, related to a statistical method called principal component analysis, in which neurons become selective to the linear combination of their i ...
... synapses at a rate proportional to the square of the postsynaptic firing rate. In simple neuron models, this generates an interesting form of input selectivity, related to a statistical method called principal component analysis, in which neurons become selective to the linear combination of their i ...