Dendritic Morphology of Pyramidal Neurons in the
... The primate cerebral cortex is characterized by regional variation in the structure of pyramidal neurons, with more complex dendritic arbors and greater spine density observed in prefrontal compared with sensory and motor cortices. Although there are several investigations in humans and other primat ...
... The primate cerebral cortex is characterized by regional variation in the structure of pyramidal neurons, with more complex dendritic arbors and greater spine density observed in prefrontal compared with sensory and motor cortices. Although there are several investigations in humans and other primat ...
Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal
... 1991; Goldman-Rakic 1990). Excitatory recurrent neural circuits in the PFC are believed to form the cellular basis for the working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly sc ...
... 1991; Goldman-Rakic 1990). Excitatory recurrent neural circuits in the PFC are believed to form the cellular basis for the working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly sc ...
Molecular Analysis of Developmental Plasticity in Neocortex
... ticity. Knockout mice with deletions of such genes have allowed analyzing their function in the context of different systems and in different paradigms. Studies of mutant mice reveal that activity-dependent plasticity is not necessarily a unified phenomenon. The relative importance of a gene can var ...
... ticity. Knockout mice with deletions of such genes have allowed analyzing their function in the context of different systems and in different paradigms. Studies of mutant mice reveal that activity-dependent plasticity is not necessarily a unified phenomenon. The relative importance of a gene can var ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
Spontaneous plasticity in the injured spinal cord
... wherein the injured distal components of axons that are spared by a lesion sprout to occupy adjacent synapses vacated by a lesioned neighboring axon. The unmasking form of plasticity can occur very rapidly—within minutes of an injury—and has been documented on the electrophysiological level to occur ...
... wherein the injured distal components of axons that are spared by a lesion sprout to occupy adjacent synapses vacated by a lesioned neighboring axon. The unmasking form of plasticity can occur very rapidly—within minutes of an injury—and has been documented on the electrophysiological level to occur ...
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... to treat them. But recent research suggests that an inactive mirror-neuron system may explain the deep troubles with language, learning and empathy that do so much to isolate the autistic person. The findings indicate breakdowns in both basic and complex mirror-neuron activity. One study at Harvard ...
... to treat them. But recent research suggests that an inactive mirror-neuron system may explain the deep troubles with language, learning and empathy that do so much to isolate the autistic person. The findings indicate breakdowns in both basic and complex mirror-neuron activity. One study at Harvard ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... unaffected premotor cortex slowed reaction time in the affected ipsilateral hand in comparison with healthy subjects (although only single pulse TMS was used and the effects were measured online).54 In addition, Lotze et al. showed that stimulation of the dorsal premotor cortex, primary motor cortex ...
... unaffected premotor cortex slowed reaction time in the affected ipsilateral hand in comparison with healthy subjects (although only single pulse TMS was used and the effects were measured online).54 In addition, Lotze et al. showed that stimulation of the dorsal premotor cortex, primary motor cortex ...
Kandel and Schwartz, 4th Edition Principles of Neural Science Chap
... as a relay station for sensory information traveling to the neocortex, but it is now clear that it plays a gating and modulatory role in relaying sensory information. In other words, the thalamus determines whether sensory information reaches conscious awareness in the neocortex. The thalamus partic ...
... as a relay station for sensory information traveling to the neocortex, but it is now clear that it plays a gating and modulatory role in relaying sensory information. In other words, the thalamus determines whether sensory information reaches conscious awareness in the neocortex. The thalamus partic ...
Differential roles of delay-period neural activity in the monkey
... prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) integrate information across modalities and maintain it throughout the delay period of working-memory (WM) tasks. However, the mechanisms of this temporal integration in the DLPFC are still poorly understood. In the present study, to further elucidate the role of the DLPFC ...
... prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) integrate information across modalities and maintain it throughout the delay period of working-memory (WM) tasks. However, the mechanisms of this temporal integration in the DLPFC are still poorly understood. In the present study, to further elucidate the role of the DLPFC ...
Heterotopic Transcallosal Projections Are Present throughout the
... techniques—has been performed that allows us to compare the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in th ...
... techniques—has been performed that allows us to compare the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in th ...
Proceedings from the 2015 UK-Korea Neuroscience Symposium
... This symposium will feature insightful speakers from a diverse cross section of neuroscience including neurodegenerative disease research. Basic, medical, and translational advancements will be highlighted, from which we will foster next-generation neuroscience research and strengthen our collaborat ...
... This symposium will feature insightful speakers from a diverse cross section of neuroscience including neurodegenerative disease research. Basic, medical, and translational advancements will be highlighted, from which we will foster next-generation neuroscience research and strengthen our collaborat ...
Vertebrate brains and evolutionary connectomics: on the origins of
... help in understanding the evolutionary changes in cells, circuits, transmitters or molecular modifications leading to novel qualities in the brain. These properties generally leave no trace in fossils, and cannot be identified in fossil material. The essence of the operations and evolution of the br ...
... help in understanding the evolutionary changes in cells, circuits, transmitters or molecular modifications leading to novel qualities in the brain. These properties generally leave no trace in fossils, and cannot be identified in fossil material. The essence of the operations and evolution of the br ...
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... Similarly, the barrels in rodent somatosensory cortex are not stereotyped. Hollow barrels, with cell sparse cores, are typical of mice, young rats, and the anterolateral subfield of mature rats, but solid columns, with cell dense cores, are typical of the main posteromedial field in rats (Rice, 1995 ...
... Similarly, the barrels in rodent somatosensory cortex are not stereotyped. Hollow barrels, with cell sparse cores, are typical of mice, young rats, and the anterolateral subfield of mature rats, but solid columns, with cell dense cores, are typical of the main posteromedial field in rats (Rice, 1995 ...
An optical neural interface: in vivo control of rodent
... stimulation efficacy without an increased side effect profile. Employing light to activate neurons has emerged as an attractive new concept (for review, see [21–24]). Leveraging advances in chemical biology and molecular genetics, several groups have developed novel optical techniques to control neu ...
... stimulation efficacy without an increased side effect profile. Employing light to activate neurons has emerged as an attractive new concept (for review, see [21–24]). Leveraging advances in chemical biology and molecular genetics, several groups have developed novel optical techniques to control neu ...
Optical Control of Muscle Function by Transplantation of Stem Cell
... function. We generated murine embryonic stem cell–derived motor neurons that express the light-sensitive ion channel channelrhodopsin-2, which we then engrafted into partially denervated branches of the sciatic nerve of adult mice. These engrafted motor neurons not only reinnervated lower hind-limb ...
... function. We generated murine embryonic stem cell–derived motor neurons that express the light-sensitive ion channel channelrhodopsin-2, which we then engrafted into partially denervated branches of the sciatic nerve of adult mice. These engrafted motor neurons not only reinnervated lower hind-limb ...
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... virtually 100% of end-plates were innervated, and there was no evidence of axonal degeneration in the ventral root. Denervation of end-plates was significant by day 47 (40%) and continued to progress up to the time of death (Fig. 2). Neuromuscular junctions showing terminal axons but no end-plate ov ...
... virtually 100% of end-plates were innervated, and there was no evidence of axonal degeneration in the ventral root. Denervation of end-plates was significant by day 47 (40%) and continued to progress up to the time of death (Fig. 2). Neuromuscular junctions showing terminal axons but no end-plate ov ...
The hippocampo-cortical loop: Spatio
... hippocampal place cell activity (Hok et al., 2007, 2007). Hippocampal place fields were distributed over the entire arena and did not over-represent the goal location. Interestingly, most place cells displayed excess firing activity at the goal location which, from a purely spatial perspective, look ...
... hippocampal place cell activity (Hok et al., 2007, 2007). Hippocampal place fields were distributed over the entire arena and did not over-represent the goal location. Interestingly, most place cells displayed excess firing activity at the goal location which, from a purely spatial perspective, look ...
Cortical mechanisms of sensory learning and object recognition
... leading to the far left curve would be said to ‘prefer’ the profile face view (or cat stimulus), but would also change activity for the adjacent image. (b) Cat and dog morphs taken from Freedman et al. (2003); face views taken from Eifuku et al. (2004). Selectivity can be increased by raising thresh ...
... leading to the far left curve would be said to ‘prefer’ the profile face view (or cat stimulus), but would also change activity for the adjacent image. (b) Cat and dog morphs taken from Freedman et al. (2003); face views taken from Eifuku et al. (2004). Selectivity can be increased by raising thresh ...
Pioneers of cortical plasticity: six classic papers by Wiesel and Hubel
... competition from the nondeprived eye in a small region of cortex and experimentally support the hypothesis that the atrophy in the LGN arose from competition between the eye-specific inputs in the cortex. On the basis of long-term dark rearing from birth in a variety of mammals, a number of early in ...
... competition from the nondeprived eye in a small region of cortex and experimentally support the hypothesis that the atrophy in the LGN arose from competition between the eye-specific inputs in the cortex. On the basis of long-term dark rearing from birth in a variety of mammals, a number of early in ...
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... compared spontaneous activity patterns and anatomical connectivity in hippocampal CA3 networks ex vivo. As compared to non-synaptic pairs, synaptically coupled neurons shared more common presynaptic neurons, received more correlated excitatory synaptic inputs, and emitted more synchronized spikes. I ...
... compared spontaneous activity patterns and anatomical connectivity in hippocampal CA3 networks ex vivo. As compared to non-synaptic pairs, synaptically coupled neurons shared more common presynaptic neurons, received more correlated excitatory synaptic inputs, and emitted more synchronized spikes. I ...
T2 - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... classical receptive field. Vision is an active process of building representations. ...
... classical receptive field. Vision is an active process of building representations. ...
Layer-Specific Markers as Probes for Neuron Type Identity in
... containing neurons with unique properties and roles in neural circuitry. For example, neurons that project to the brainstem and spinal cord are located in layer V, whereas corticothalamic neurons are located in layer VI (20). Abnormal layers in MCDs arise by redistribution of neurons, transforming t ...
... containing neurons with unique properties and roles in neural circuitry. For example, neurons that project to the brainstem and spinal cord are located in layer V, whereas corticothalamic neurons are located in layer VI (20). Abnormal layers in MCDs arise by redistribution of neurons, transforming t ...
motor pathways i-iii
... bidirectional connections between it and the cerebral cortex, and between it and the brain stem motor centers. 2. Basal nuclei (ganglia) a) Often referred to by neurologists as the “extrapyramidal system”. b) BN do not initiate motor activity. c) When the cortex starts a motor activity, BN come into ...
... bidirectional connections between it and the cerebral cortex, and between it and the brain stem motor centers. 2. Basal nuclei (ganglia) a) Often referred to by neurologists as the “extrapyramidal system”. b) BN do not initiate motor activity. c) When the cortex starts a motor activity, BN come into ...
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... recurrently coupled network neurons were chosen so that each of them is tuned to a parameter characterizing the sensory input, which we refer to as an image orientation angle in subsequent figures. The connections between the recurrent network and the downstream neuron were developed by an anti-Hebb ...
... recurrently coupled network neurons were chosen so that each of them is tuned to a parameter characterizing the sensory input, which we refer to as an image orientation angle in subsequent figures. The connections between the recurrent network and the downstream neuron were developed by an anti-Hebb ...
GLOSSARY of Occupational Therapy Terminology
... Sensory Input: The constant flow of information from sensory receptors in the body to the brain and spinal cord. Sensory Integration: The ability to receive, process and act upon sensory input for "use". This "use" may be a perception, an adaptive response or a learning process. Through sensory inte ...
... Sensory Input: The constant flow of information from sensory receptors in the body to the brain and spinal cord. Sensory Integration: The ability to receive, process and act upon sensory input for "use". This "use" may be a perception, an adaptive response or a learning process. Through sensory inte ...