Discussion and future directions
... integration of firing rate input received from a large number of neurons, to the detection of coincident spike arrivals (see also experimental evidence for neurons acting in different computational modes in Destexhe and Pare, 1999). Hence, we can describe the existence of two main classes of neurons ...
... integration of firing rate input received from a large number of neurons, to the detection of coincident spike arrivals (see also experimental evidence for neurons acting in different computational modes in Destexhe and Pare, 1999). Hence, we can describe the existence of two main classes of neurons ...
Vascular Spasm in Cat Cerebral Cortex
... cortical areas of impaired reperfusion following total circulatory arrest in monkeys. By utilizing the technique of injecting a carbon black suspension just prior to termination of the experiment they show coronal brain sections having large cortical areas devoid of carbon black. Other investigators ...
... cortical areas of impaired reperfusion following total circulatory arrest in monkeys. By utilizing the technique of injecting a carbon black suspension just prior to termination of the experiment they show coronal brain sections having large cortical areas devoid of carbon black. Other investigators ...
Early Neuronal Loss and Axonal/Presynaptic Damage is Associated
... and pathology [1, 16, 18, 32–37]. Loss of the subicular neurons has been reported to be associated with clinical AD [19, 21]. Thus, damaged hippocampal–cortical and hippocampal–subcortical communication might be significant for the memory impairment seen in patients. In AD models, tremendous attenti ...
... and pathology [1, 16, 18, 32–37]. Loss of the subicular neurons has been reported to be associated with clinical AD [19, 21]. Thus, damaged hippocampal–cortical and hippocampal–subcortical communication might be significant for the memory impairment seen in patients. In AD models, tremendous attenti ...
Cerebellum
... to the pontine nuclei arise in the cerebral cortex (M1, S1, SMA, PM and areas 5, 7 of the parietal cortex). All of these areas are, in various ways, active during or before movements. Presumably, the cerebellum thus receives information about movements that are being planned and about the commands t ...
... to the pontine nuclei arise in the cerebral cortex (M1, S1, SMA, PM and areas 5, 7 of the parietal cortex). All of these areas are, in various ways, active during or before movements. Presumably, the cerebellum thus receives information about movements that are being planned and about the commands t ...
Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory
... have been described in various parts of the brain and particularly in brain regions that receive DA innervations. It is now well established that the strength of synaptic transmission can be modified on a long-term basis by specific patterns of activation such as high frequency trains that produce L ...
... have been described in various parts of the brain and particularly in brain regions that receive DA innervations. It is now well established that the strength of synaptic transmission can be modified on a long-term basis by specific patterns of activation such as high frequency trains that produce L ...
Behavioural Brain Research Multisensory contributions to the
... issue of how the interplay between different sensory systems contributes to our perception of the world and of ourselves. There is growing consensus around the idea that a satisfactory account of multisensory processes will be integral to any comprehensive theory of perception [13,22,80]. Indeed, th ...
... issue of how the interplay between different sensory systems contributes to our perception of the world and of ourselves. There is growing consensus around the idea that a satisfactory account of multisensory processes will be integral to any comprehensive theory of perception [13,22,80]. Indeed, th ...
Postnatal microbial colonization programs HPA system for stress
... pathogenicity (Finlay & Falkow, 1990). Thus, there is no doubt that most of our bacterial symbionts have several beneficial effects on host physiological functions; however, little is known about whether or not such microbes can affect the development of brain plasticity and a subsequent physiologic ...
... pathogenicity (Finlay & Falkow, 1990). Thus, there is no doubt that most of our bacterial symbionts have several beneficial effects on host physiological functions; however, little is known about whether or not such microbes can affect the development of brain plasticity and a subsequent physiologic ...
Arousal Systems
... Periodic episodes of spontaneous arousal, Arouse to external stimuli, All other components of consciousness and cognition are absent . Arousal occurs in the absence of consciousness because awareness is absent. • Extensive bilateral cortical, subcortical white matter, or thalamic injuries, with rela ...
... Periodic episodes of spontaneous arousal, Arouse to external stimuli, All other components of consciousness and cognition are absent . Arousal occurs in the absence of consciousness because awareness is absent. • Extensive bilateral cortical, subcortical white matter, or thalamic injuries, with rela ...
P312Ch02_Nervous System, Neurons Lecture
... neurons whose dendrites are nearby. Primary among these is the amino acid GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid). A given neurotransmitter may have one function in one part of brain and a completely different function in another part. A single synapse may be the connection point for 1000s of neurons, like an ...
... neurons whose dendrites are nearby. Primary among these is the amino acid GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid). A given neurotransmitter may have one function in one part of brain and a completely different function in another part. A single synapse may be the connection point for 1000s of neurons, like an ...
Review The Neural Basis of Perceptual Learning
... eye. The capacity for the primary visual cortex to undergo this change is limited to the first few months or years of life, depending on the species. One might have assumed that these findings implied that in adulthood primary sensory cortex should be fixed in its properties and connections. It has ...
... eye. The capacity for the primary visual cortex to undergo this change is limited to the first few months or years of life, depending on the species. One might have assumed that these findings implied that in adulthood primary sensory cortex should be fixed in its properties and connections. It has ...
The role of Pitx3 in survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons
... dopaminergic (mDA) neurons The mDA system (A8–A10 cell groups) is involved in many brain functions including motor control, reward, emotional and motivated behavior, and is of clinical importance because of its implication in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The A9 cell group located in the s ...
... dopaminergic (mDA) neurons The mDA system (A8–A10 cell groups) is involved in many brain functions including motor control, reward, emotional and motivated behavior, and is of clinical importance because of its implication in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The A9 cell group located in the s ...
uncorrected proof - Università degli Studi di Parma
... the brain/body system models its interactions with the world (Gallese, 2001, 2003a,b, 2005a,b, 2006). The discovery of mirror neurons has changed our views on the relations among action perception and cognition, and has boosted a renewed interest in the neuroscientific investigation of the social as ...
... the brain/body system models its interactions with the world (Gallese, 2001, 2003a,b, 2005a,b, 2006). The discovery of mirror neurons has changed our views on the relations among action perception and cognition, and has boosted a renewed interest in the neuroscientific investigation of the social as ...
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control
... For each area, there was a population of neurons that first found the target well before the saccade (i.e., shortly after visual array onset) and a separate population that found the target after the saccade. The early population consisted of 35% of all target location–selective LIP neurons (24/68), ...
... For each area, there was a population of neurons that first found the target well before the saccade (i.e., shortly after visual array onset) and a separate population that found the target after the saccade. The early population consisted of 35% of all target location–selective LIP neurons (24/68), ...
Corporate South Africa and biodiversity in a green economy Anesu Makina
... ‘No economic order can change without the lineaments of the new already being latently present within the existing state of things’ (adopted after Saint Simon in Harvey 2003). The statement above aptly sums up an inherent truth; some of the solutions that will move South Africa (and other countries) ...
... ‘No economic order can change without the lineaments of the new already being latently present within the existing state of things’ (adopted after Saint Simon in Harvey 2003). The statement above aptly sums up an inherent truth; some of the solutions that will move South Africa (and other countries) ...
The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts
... (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of Brodmann’s area 6. F2 and F7, which lie in the superio ...
... (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of Brodmann’s area 6. F2 and F7, which lie in the superio ...
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control of Attention in the Prefrontal
... For each area, there was a population of neurons that first found the target well before the saccade (i.e., shortly after visual array onset) and a separate population that found the target after the saccade. The early population consisted of 35% of all target location–selective LIP neurons (24/68), ...
... For each area, there was a population of neurons that first found the target well before the saccade (i.e., shortly after visual array onset) and a separate population that found the target after the saccade. The early population consisted of 35% of all target location–selective LIP neurons (24/68), ...
Broken Mirrors: A Theory of Autism
... action. One of us (Ramachandran) and Altschuler suggested that mu-wave suppression might provide a simple, noninvasive probe for monitoring mirror neuron activity. We decided to focus our first experiments on a high-functioning child with autism— that is, a child without severe cognitive impairments. ...
... action. One of us (Ramachandran) and Altschuler suggested that mu-wave suppression might provide a simple, noninvasive probe for monitoring mirror neuron activity. We decided to focus our first experiments on a high-functioning child with autism— that is, a child without severe cognitive impairments. ...
Thalamic Activity that Drives Visual Cortical Plasticity
... Readings for the week focus on sprouting, changing receptive fields and cortical remapping What patterns of neuronal activity follow a lesion? How do these changing patterns of activity play a role in plasticity? Specifically, what are the effects of depriving visual input from one eye on the LGN a ...
... Readings for the week focus on sprouting, changing receptive fields and cortical remapping What patterns of neuronal activity follow a lesion? How do these changing patterns of activity play a role in plasticity? Specifically, what are the effects of depriving visual input from one eye on the LGN a ...
Transgenic expression of ZBP1 in neurons suppresses cocaine-associated conditioning
... activity-regulated mRNAs is actively transported to synapses after synaptic activity, and localized translation of these has been proposed as a basic cellular mechanism required for synaptic plasticity (Rodriguez et al. 2008; Vuppalanchi et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2010; Sinnamon and Czaplinski 2011). ...
... activity-regulated mRNAs is actively transported to synapses after synaptic activity, and localized translation of these has been proposed as a basic cellular mechanism required for synaptic plasticity (Rodriguez et al. 2008; Vuppalanchi et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2010; Sinnamon and Czaplinski 2011). ...
Dissecting appetite
... we can activate this tiny group of AgRP neurons and trigger very complex behaviour — not just chewing and swallowing, but obsessive searching and other complex behaviours to get food.” Controlling feeding behaviour is like using the accelerator in a car, explains Sternson. The more AgRP neurons are ...
... we can activate this tiny group of AgRP neurons and trigger very complex behaviour — not just chewing and swallowing, but obsessive searching and other complex behaviours to get food.” Controlling feeding behaviour is like using the accelerator in a car, explains Sternson. The more AgRP neurons are ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... evolutionary adaptation occurred incrementally. These adaptations may simply have occurred through the addition of new brain circuitry without refurbishing or repurposing control systems already in place, similar to adding a modern extension to an older building. However, this seems unlikely given t ...
... evolutionary adaptation occurred incrementally. These adaptations may simply have occurred through the addition of new brain circuitry without refurbishing or repurposing control systems already in place, similar to adding a modern extension to an older building. However, this seems unlikely given t ...
A first-principle for the nervous system
... fire that neuron respectively. Due to the all or none phenomenon, the firing of a neuron is not affected by inputs contributing to either sub- or supra-threshold activation of that neuron. These make neuronal firing highly non-specific with regard to the inputs and cannot be taken as specific learni ...
... fire that neuron respectively. Due to the all or none phenomenon, the firing of a neuron is not affected by inputs contributing to either sub- or supra-threshold activation of that neuron. These make neuronal firing highly non-specific with regard to the inputs and cannot be taken as specific learni ...
DESCENDING TRACTS
... Regulate muscle tone and muscle force. May be involved in selecting and inhibiting specific motor synergies. ...
... Regulate muscle tone and muscle force. May be involved in selecting and inhibiting specific motor synergies. ...
Motor learning in man: A review of functional and clinical studies
... observed regardless of the hand used during training, indicating a left-hemispheric dominance in the storage of visuomotor skills. Concerning frontal areas, learned actions of sequential character are represented in the caudal part of the supplementary motor area (SMA proper), whereas the lateral pr ...
... observed regardless of the hand used during training, indicating a left-hemispheric dominance in the storage of visuomotor skills. Concerning frontal areas, learned actions of sequential character are represented in the caudal part of the supplementary motor area (SMA proper), whereas the lateral pr ...
Huntington disease models and human neuropathology: similarities
... polyQ and the referent nuclear and neuropil aggregates, supports this claim. Thus, the research on either humans or animal models must be much more convergent than it is now. The birth of the transgenic polyQ mouse, which was accepted from the start as a model of HD, suddenly shifted the focus of ba ...
... polyQ and the referent nuclear and neuropil aggregates, supports this claim. Thus, the research on either humans or animal models must be much more convergent than it is now. The birth of the transgenic polyQ mouse, which was accepted from the start as a model of HD, suddenly shifted the focus of ba ...