The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... hominoids to exploit resources in small branches of trees by developing suspensory postures to distribute their body weight. This form of locomotion may have been particularly important in allowing certain species to increase body size. In addition, compared to other primates, hominoids have extende ...
... hominoids to exploit resources in small branches of trees by developing suspensory postures to distribute their body weight. This form of locomotion may have been particularly important in allowing certain species to increase body size. In addition, compared to other primates, hominoids have extende ...
General knowledge about nervous system
... Evolution of Gene Related to Brain's Growth • A gene that helps determine the size of the human brain has been under intense Darwinian pressure in the last few million years. • It has changed its structure 15 times since humans and chimps separated from their common ancestor. • Evolution has been p ...
... Evolution of Gene Related to Brain's Growth • A gene that helps determine the size of the human brain has been under intense Darwinian pressure in the last few million years. • It has changed its structure 15 times since humans and chimps separated from their common ancestor. • Evolution has been p ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... animals. For instance, analysis of visual input and integration of visual, auditory and tactile information is carried out in the various layers of the superior colliculus (or tectum) in primitive animals. The superior colliculus, in mammals, projects to the pulvinar complex in the thalamus and then ...
... animals. For instance, analysis of visual input and integration of visual, auditory and tactile information is carried out in the various layers of the superior colliculus (or tectum) in primitive animals. The superior colliculus, in mammals, projects to the pulvinar complex in the thalamus and then ...
Learning Through Imitation: a Biological Approach to Robotics
... A consistent number of studies has demonstrated that animals are also able to engage in various types of social behavior that involve some form of cooperation and coordination among individuals [6]–[9]. The existence of true imitative behavior in the animal kingdom is still in debate [10]–[12], howe ...
... A consistent number of studies has demonstrated that animals are also able to engage in various types of social behavior that involve some form of cooperation and coordination among individuals [6]–[9]. The existence of true imitative behavior in the animal kingdom is still in debate [10]–[12], howe ...
Drug-activation of brain reward pathways
... more rather than less sensitive to the rewarding effects of cocaine ŽSchenk et al., 1991.. Cocaine injections into mPFC increase dopamine turnover in nucleus accumbens, which suggests at least one hypothesis as to why cocaine is rewarding when injected into this region ŽGoeders and Smith, 1993.. Bot ...
... more rather than less sensitive to the rewarding effects of cocaine ŽSchenk et al., 1991.. Cocaine injections into mPFC increase dopamine turnover in nucleus accumbens, which suggests at least one hypothesis as to why cocaine is rewarding when injected into this region ŽGoeders and Smith, 1993.. Bot ...
Self-organization and interareal networks™in™the™primate cortex
... the cortical network. Because the control of cortical precursors comes under multiple environmental influences and determines the structural features of the cortex, it is best understood in the context of self-organization. The pyramidal projection neurons of the neocortex are generated by at least ...
... the cortical network. Because the control of cortical precursors comes under multiple environmental influences and determines the structural features of the cortex, it is best understood in the context of self-organization. The pyramidal projection neurons of the neocortex are generated by at least ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... (Stosiek et al., 2003; Garaschuk et al., 2006). Wherever possible, microinjections of OGB-1 were made into both cFL- and cHL-responsive regions, as identified by the poststroke IOS response map. Subsequent to OGB-1 AM injection, the cortex was incubated with sulforhodamine 101 (SR101; Sigma-Aldrich) ...
... (Stosiek et al., 2003; Garaschuk et al., 2006). Wherever possible, microinjections of OGB-1 were made into both cFL- and cHL-responsive regions, as identified by the poststroke IOS response map. Subsequent to OGB-1 AM injection, the cortex was incubated with sulforhodamine 101 (SR101; Sigma-Aldrich) ...
Presentation - Neuropathology
... bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and a postural/action tremor rather than the classic pill-rolling tremor seen in Parkinson's disease. These symptoms are usually poorly responsive to long-term levodopa therapy. In MSA-C, typical findings are gait and limb ataxia, cerebellar dysarthria, ...
... bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and a postural/action tremor rather than the classic pill-rolling tremor seen in Parkinson's disease. These symptoms are usually poorly responsive to long-term levodopa therapy. In MSA-C, typical findings are gait and limb ataxia, cerebellar dysarthria, ...
Supplementary Information (doc 2382K)
... were clamped at -70 mV; for mEPSCs, 50 μM picrotoxin, 50 μm APV and 1 μm tetrodotoxin were included in the ACSF. For measurements of the E/I ratio, the internal solution contained (in mM): 125 K-gluconate, 20 KCl, 4 Mg-ATP, 0.3 Na-GTP, 10 Na2 phosphocreatine, 0.5 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314. Neurons w ...
... were clamped at -70 mV; for mEPSCs, 50 μM picrotoxin, 50 μm APV and 1 μm tetrodotoxin were included in the ACSF. For measurements of the E/I ratio, the internal solution contained (in mM): 125 K-gluconate, 20 KCl, 4 Mg-ATP, 0.3 Na-GTP, 10 Na2 phosphocreatine, 0.5 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314. Neurons w ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... terminology like ventral (L. belly), dorsal (L. back), rostral (L. beak) and caudal (L. tail), has been adopted from our quadrapedal ancestors. ...
... terminology like ventral (L. belly), dorsal (L. back), rostral (L. beak) and caudal (L. tail), has been adopted from our quadrapedal ancestors. ...
The Biology
... Because it evolved very early, the [a] _______________ of the brain is referred to as the old brain. It is composed of the medulla, which controls functions like breathing and heartbeat; the pons, which transmits information helping to coordinate muscle activity on the right and left halves of the b ...
... Because it evolved very early, the [a] _______________ of the brain is referred to as the old brain. It is composed of the medulla, which controls functions like breathing and heartbeat; the pons, which transmits information helping to coordinate muscle activity on the right and left halves of the b ...
The Molecular and Neuroanatomical Basis for Estrogen Effects in
... ERb reveal distributions in the body that differ quite markedly from each other, with moderate to high expression of ERa mRNA in pituitary, kidney, epididymus, and adrenal; moderate to high expression of ERb mRNA in prostate, lung, bladder, and brain; and overlapping high expression in ovary, testis ...
... ERb reveal distributions in the body that differ quite markedly from each other, with moderate to high expression of ERa mRNA in pituitary, kidney, epididymus, and adrenal; moderate to high expression of ERb mRNA in prostate, lung, bladder, and brain; and overlapping high expression in ovary, testis ...
- Princeton University
... head-mounted microscope requires innovative engineering to miniaturize the excitation, laser scanning, and fluorescence collection. One such device demonstrated stable TPM of capillaries in awake and resting adult rats (Helmchen et al., 2001); however, because it was not optimized for moving animals ...
... head-mounted microscope requires innovative engineering to miniaturize the excitation, laser scanning, and fluorescence collection. One such device demonstrated stable TPM of capillaries in awake and resting adult rats (Helmchen et al., 2001); however, because it was not optimized for moving animals ...
Neural underpinnings of superior action
... et al., 2011) corresponding to Brodmann’s area 6, whereas the STS area was targeted in its posterior aspect (x ¼ 62.9, y ¼ 52.5, z ¼ 9.4; Caspers et al., 2010) corresponding to Brodmann’s area 21. The coil position during the experiment was monitored by means of the SofTaxic Navigator system, whic ...
... et al., 2011) corresponding to Brodmann’s area 6, whereas the STS area was targeted in its posterior aspect (x ¼ 62.9, y ¼ 52.5, z ¼ 9.4; Caspers et al., 2010) corresponding to Brodmann’s area 21. The coil position during the experiment was monitored by means of the SofTaxic Navigator system, whic ...
Looking for the roots of cortical sensory computation in three
... and gamma (40–100 Hz) [71]. Although gamma has long been a focus of research in mammalian cortex, beta oscillations have, over recent years, grown in importance in olfactory studies. Interestingly, 20-Hz oscillations are a prominent feature of population activity also in some insect species [66]. Se ...
... and gamma (40–100 Hz) [71]. Although gamma has long been a focus of research in mammalian cortex, beta oscillations have, over recent years, grown in importance in olfactory studies. Interestingly, 20-Hz oscillations are a prominent feature of population activity also in some insect species [66]. Se ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... perform different primary functions. The primary role of the superficial layers, consisting of dorsal layers I-III, is integration of visual input. Neurons of these layers receive input from the retina, thalamus, and visual cortex (Patton et al., 2002; Stein, 1981) and consist of small and medium mu ...
... perform different primary functions. The primary role of the superficial layers, consisting of dorsal layers I-III, is integration of visual input. Neurons of these layers receive input from the retina, thalamus, and visual cortex (Patton et al., 2002; Stein, 1981) and consist of small and medium mu ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... in isopentane at ⫺30°C. All animals bearing 6-OHDA lesions (n ⫽ 30) were perfused transcardially under chloral hydrate anesthesia with 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.2, supplemented with heparin (5 ⫻ 10 4 IU/ml), followed by 350 ml of cold fixative consisting of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.3 ( ...
... in isopentane at ⫺30°C. All animals bearing 6-OHDA lesions (n ⫽ 30) were perfused transcardially under chloral hydrate anesthesia with 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.2, supplemented with heparin (5 ⫻ 10 4 IU/ml), followed by 350 ml of cold fixative consisting of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.3 ( ...
My First PowerPoint Presentation
... Regulates firing rate of both DA and 5-HT neurons potentially via interference with autoreceptor regulation Potential anxiolytic effect in stress-induced hyperthermia test in mice Reduces cocaine and NMDA antagonist induced hyperactivity in mice Reduces hyperactivity of DAT-KO mice ...
... Regulates firing rate of both DA and 5-HT neurons potentially via interference with autoreceptor regulation Potential anxiolytic effect in stress-induced hyperthermia test in mice Reduces cocaine and NMDA antagonist induced hyperactivity in mice Reduces hyperactivity of DAT-KO mice ...
Brains, Bodies, and Behavior - 2012 Book Archive
... neurotransmitters that are in the synapse are reabsorbed into the transmitting terminal buttons, ready to again be released after the neuron fires. More than 100 chemical substances produced in the body have been identified as neurotransmitters, and these substances have a wide and profound effect o ...
... neurotransmitters that are in the synapse are reabsorbed into the transmitting terminal buttons, ready to again be released after the neuron fires. More than 100 chemical substances produced in the body have been identified as neurotransmitters, and these substances have a wide and profound effect o ...
Mirror Neurons and Mirror Systems in Monkeys and Humans
... Motor acts that are richly represented in the observer’s motor repertoire determine a strong activation of the mirror system. This has been shown by a series of brain imaging studies that examined the mirror activations in persons expert in specific motor skills and comparing them with the activatio ...
... Motor acts that are richly represented in the observer’s motor repertoire determine a strong activation of the mirror system. This has been shown by a series of brain imaging studies that examined the mirror activations in persons expert in specific motor skills and comparing them with the activatio ...
PII: S0006-8993(97) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... has been reported for rats that had undergone neonatal forelimb amputation w10x. In those animals, the expansion of gracile fibers into the cuneate nucleus was extensive, but there was minimal invasion of the forelimb region in cortex by hindlimb inputs. The major difference between forelimb amputat ...
... has been reported for rats that had undergone neonatal forelimb amputation w10x. In those animals, the expansion of gracile fibers into the cuneate nucleus was extensive, but there was minimal invasion of the forelimb region in cortex by hindlimb inputs. The major difference between forelimb amputat ...
Intracellular and computational evidence for a
... In an attempt to quantify the conductance variations underlying such effects, an efficient method is to compute the spike-triggered average (STA) of the synaptic conductances during different conditions. In models receiving in vivo–like background synaptic inputs at excitatory and inhibitory synapse ...
... In an attempt to quantify the conductance variations underlying such effects, an efficient method is to compute the spike-triggered average (STA) of the synaptic conductances during different conditions. In models receiving in vivo–like background synaptic inputs at excitatory and inhibitory synapse ...
Mirror neurons and the social nature of language
... which the brain/body system models its interactions with the world (Gallese, 2001, 2003a, 2003b, 2005a, 2005b, 2006). The discovery of mirror neurons has changed our views on the relations among action perception and cognition, and has boosted a renewed interest in the neuroscientific investigation ...
... which the brain/body system models its interactions with the world (Gallese, 2001, 2003a, 2003b, 2005a, 2005b, 2006). The discovery of mirror neurons has changed our views on the relations among action perception and cognition, and has boosted a renewed interest in the neuroscientific investigation ...
THE CINGULATE CORTEX AND HUMAN MEMORY PROCESSES
... left retrosplenial area who lost his spatial orientation but could still solve tasks for spatial thinking. Recent studies of the involvement of different brain regions in cognitive processes use magnetic-resonance morphometric analysis. For example, some studies show that the size of the hippocampus ...
... left retrosplenial area who lost his spatial orientation but could still solve tasks for spatial thinking. Recent studies of the involvement of different brain regions in cognitive processes use magnetic-resonance morphometric analysis. For example, some studies show that the size of the hippocampus ...
Saliency, switching, attention and control
... on animal models; yet, it is worth noting that the majority of the human insula likely has no equivalent in the rat or monkey (Craig 2009). Much of the recent critical thinking of insula function in humans has focused on its key role in the experience of emotion derived from information about bodily ...
... on animal models; yet, it is worth noting that the majority of the human insula likely has no equivalent in the rat or monkey (Craig 2009). Much of the recent critical thinking of insula function in humans has focused on its key role in the experience of emotion derived from information about bodily ...