Simulation of myelinated neuron with focus on conduction speed
... Myelin sheath is a protective coat around the axon of a neuron and acts as an insulator to the electrical signal that is conducted down the axon as a neuron fires. This increases the conduction speed of action potential and thus is a critical factor in maintaining the proper communication within the ...
... Myelin sheath is a protective coat around the axon of a neuron and acts as an insulator to the electrical signal that is conducted down the axon as a neuron fires. This increases the conduction speed of action potential and thus is a critical factor in maintaining the proper communication within the ...
PDF
... connections coming from axonal side branches (Melchitzky and Lewis, 2003). They extend several millimeters around, with dense columnar termination through layers II and III. Human brain evolution is characterized by an increase in the number and width of minicolumns, but also in the increase of spac ...
... connections coming from axonal side branches (Melchitzky and Lewis, 2003). They extend several millimeters around, with dense columnar termination through layers II and III. Human brain evolution is characterized by an increase in the number and width of minicolumns, but also in the increase of spac ...
Neural Crest_Origin, Migration and Differentiation
... between the neural tube and somites, until they arrive at the interface between the myotome and sclerotome. Here they abruptly turn almost 908 and migrate medially to laterally through the somite along the undersurface of the myotome (Figure 3). Eventually, neural crest cells begin to fill up some o ...
... between the neural tube and somites, until they arrive at the interface between the myotome and sclerotome. Here they abruptly turn almost 908 and migrate medially to laterally through the somite along the undersurface of the myotome (Figure 3). Eventually, neural crest cells begin to fill up some o ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ food omission’). If the bird responded to S– (4 cpd in one session, 10 cpd in all others), all houselights were turned off for 5 s, and a clearly audible tone (sawtooth wave at 1000 Hz) was pr ...
... of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ food omission’). If the bird responded to S– (4 cpd in one session, 10 cpd in all others), all houselights were turned off for 5 s, and a clearly audible tone (sawtooth wave at 1000 Hz) was pr ...
Hypothalamus and Limbic System
... and peripheral temperature, and it mediates changes in autonomic, endocrine and behavioral responses in order to maintain homeostasis. Feeding behavior is a less good example of a servo-control system, in part because of variable biological set points depending upon numerous factors. Nonetheless, fe ...
... and peripheral temperature, and it mediates changes in autonomic, endocrine and behavioral responses in order to maintain homeostasis. Feeding behavior is a less good example of a servo-control system, in part because of variable biological set points depending upon numerous factors. Nonetheless, fe ...
Telencephalon
... output to the GPi, increasing inhibitory output of GPi to thalamus and brainstem. ...
... output to the GPi, increasing inhibitory output of GPi to thalamus and brainstem. ...
Evidence for implication of primate area V1 in neural 3
... objects in multiple frames of reference, such as eye- and head-centered [3,4]. An alternative is that this transformation is accomplished by dynamic updating of spatial representation in conjunction with voluntary eye movements [16,25]. For many years the parietal cortex was believed to be the main ...
... objects in multiple frames of reference, such as eye- and head-centered [3,4]. An alternative is that this transformation is accomplished by dynamic updating of spatial representation in conjunction with voluntary eye movements [16,25]. For many years the parietal cortex was believed to be the main ...
Nervous System - Neuron and Nerve Impulse PowerPoint
... • muscles tense up, energized by adrenaline and glucose (responsible for goose bumps -- when tiny muscles attached to each hair on surface of skin tense up, the hairs are forced upright, pulling skin with them) • smooth muscle relaxes in order to allow more oxygen into the lungs • nonessential syste ...
... • muscles tense up, energized by adrenaline and glucose (responsible for goose bumps -- when tiny muscles attached to each hair on surface of skin tense up, the hairs are forced upright, pulling skin with them) • smooth muscle relaxes in order to allow more oxygen into the lungs • nonessential syste ...
Muscle networks: Connectivity analysis of EMG activity during postural control
... neuronal networks and controlling the timing of neuronal firing1,2. Neuronal synchronization influences information flow through the central nervous system. Selective communication may be achieved through coherence of oscillatory firing rates between spatially disparate regions3. Although originally ...
... neuronal networks and controlling the timing of neuronal firing1,2. Neuronal synchronization influences information flow through the central nervous system. Selective communication may be achieved through coherence of oscillatory firing rates between spatially disparate regions3. Although originally ...
Stereological estimation of dendritic coverage in the capybara SCG
... In the present article we showed how to assess quantitatively the axon-dendritic synapses in capybara SCG. The focus was on synapse size and the size (%) of dendrite occupied by synaptic axon profiles by using a combination of electron-immunohistochemical labelling for synaptophysin and applying a d ...
... In the present article we showed how to assess quantitatively the axon-dendritic synapses in capybara SCG. The focus was on synapse size and the size (%) of dendrite occupied by synaptic axon profiles by using a combination of electron-immunohistochemical labelling for synaptophysin and applying a d ...
Representation of Movement
... that inhibition of responses to motion in the opposite direction to the preferred (the ‘antipreferred,’ or null, direction) is critical for generating physiological direction selectivity. This inhibition could either act linearly as subtraction or, more likely, nonlinearly as a shunting inhibition t ...
... that inhibition of responses to motion in the opposite direction to the preferred (the ‘antipreferred,’ or null, direction) is critical for generating physiological direction selectivity. This inhibition could either act linearly as subtraction or, more likely, nonlinearly as a shunting inhibition t ...
1. The Concept of Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a
... finding solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements establis ...
... finding solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements establis ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... century with his neuron doctrine. Ramon y Cajal broke down the widely believed concept that the nervous system was a reticulum or a continuum meshwork. Using a histological staining technique, Cajal could resolve in detail the structure and concluded that the nervous system was composed of individua ...
... century with his neuron doctrine. Ramon y Cajal broke down the widely believed concept that the nervous system was a reticulum or a continuum meshwork. Using a histological staining technique, Cajal could resolve in detail the structure and concluded that the nervous system was composed of individua ...
Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of
... premotor cortex during 3PP (relative to 1PP), whereas differential increases during 1PP (relative to 3PP) were found in mesial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and superior temporal cortex bilaterally. The data suggest that in addition to joint neural mechanisms, for example, due to vi ...
... premotor cortex during 3PP (relative to 1PP), whereas differential increases during 1PP (relative to 3PP) were found in mesial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and superior temporal cortex bilaterally. The data suggest that in addition to joint neural mechanisms, for example, due to vi ...
Corticofugal Amplification of Subcortical Responses to Single Tone
... different by ú0.2 kHz), and reduce the responses of subcortical neurons tuned to other frequencies (different by ú0.2 kHz). This means that single subcortical neurons receive positive feedback from one or a few cortical minicolumns, and receive lateral inhibition from many, perhaps, all other minico ...
... different by ú0.2 kHz), and reduce the responses of subcortical neurons tuned to other frequencies (different by ú0.2 kHz). This means that single subcortical neurons receive positive feedback from one or a few cortical minicolumns, and receive lateral inhibition from many, perhaps, all other minico ...
A multi-level account of selective attention
... Broadbent’s notion that selection must be early, as these basic attributes appeared to be all that was retained from the unattended auditory stream. Not long after Broadbent’s seminal book, Moray (1959) demonstrated that selection was not always implemented by an early filtering mechanism, as he not ...
... Broadbent’s notion that selection must be early, as these basic attributes appeared to be all that was retained from the unattended auditory stream. Not long after Broadbent’s seminal book, Moray (1959) demonstrated that selection was not always implemented by an early filtering mechanism, as he not ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... (2002) used these techniques to study layers 2 to 5 (L2 to L5) of the cat and rat visual systems. The most frequently connected cells were located in the same cortical layer, where the largest interlaminar projections were the ‘‘feedforward’’ connections from L4 to L3 and from L3 to L5. Excitatory r ...
... (2002) used these techniques to study layers 2 to 5 (L2 to L5) of the cat and rat visual systems. The most frequently connected cells were located in the same cortical layer, where the largest interlaminar projections were the ‘‘feedforward’’ connections from L4 to L3 and from L3 to L5. Excitatory r ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... reflects the high degree of specificity of cortical connectivity. This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many oth ...
... reflects the high degree of specificity of cortical connectivity. This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many oth ...
Biologically Inspired Modular Neural Networks
... Artificial intelligence is the study of intelligent behavior and how computer programs can be made to exhibit such behavior. There are two categories of artificial intelligence from the computational point of view. One is based on symbolism, and the other is based on connectionism. In the former app ...
... Artificial intelligence is the study of intelligent behavior and how computer programs can be made to exhibit such behavior. There are two categories of artificial intelligence from the computational point of view. One is based on symbolism, and the other is based on connectionism. In the former app ...
Lecture 6: Single neuron models
... McCulloch and Pitts knew that spikes (action potential) somehow carry information through the brain: each spike would represent a binary 1 each lack of spike would represent a binary 0 They showed how spikes could be combined to do logical and arithmetical operations From modern perspective there is ...
... McCulloch and Pitts knew that spikes (action potential) somehow carry information through the brain: each spike would represent a binary 1 each lack of spike would represent a binary 0 They showed how spikes could be combined to do logical and arithmetical operations From modern perspective there is ...
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary
... superficial pyramidal cells up to the next higher cortical level to update internal models (reviewed in detail Friston, 2005; Clark, 2013). Several models in which neurons engage in probabilistic processing in order to infer the causes of their inputs have been proposed (e.g., Rao and Ballard, 1999; ...
... superficial pyramidal cells up to the next higher cortical level to update internal models (reviewed in detail Friston, 2005; Clark, 2013). Several models in which neurons engage in probabilistic processing in order to infer the causes of their inputs have been proposed (e.g., Rao and Ballard, 1999; ...
Number, size and distribution of ganglion neurons in urinary bladder
... Most of the neuronal cell bodies were cir cular in profile although some were elongat ed, with the long axis being twice the short axis (Fig 2A). While several isolated and paired neurons were found in all animals (Fig 2B), most intramural neurons were clustered in circular or elongated ganglia, c ...
... Most of the neuronal cell bodies were cir cular in profile although some were elongat ed, with the long axis being twice the short axis (Fig 2A). While several isolated and paired neurons were found in all animals (Fig 2B), most intramural neurons were clustered in circular or elongated ganglia, c ...
Somatosensory Cortical Activity in Relation to Arm Posture
... the distribution of the cells’ preferred directions was nonuniform, with a preponderance of the cells being tuned in the anteroposterior direction. In this paper we extend the analysis of the spatial tuning of neurons in SI to three-dimensional displacements of the hand in space. We also used a larg ...
... the distribution of the cells’ preferred directions was nonuniform, with a preponderance of the cells being tuned in the anteroposterior direction. In this paper we extend the analysis of the spatial tuning of neurons in SI to three-dimensional displacements of the hand in space. We also used a larg ...
Learning Low-Rank Representations with Classwise Block
... problem. Moreover, representations of training images and testing images should be consistent, which is important for the recognition process. Representations of training images and testing images should be learnt in a unified framework. For this purpose, we propose a semi-supervised framework to le ...
... problem. Moreover, representations of training images and testing images should be consistent, which is important for the recognition process. Representations of training images and testing images should be learnt in a unified framework. For this purpose, we propose a semi-supervised framework to le ...