THE SPECIAL SENSES
... receptor cells – To smell a particular odor it must be volatile and it must be dissolved in the fluid coating the olfactory epithelium – Axons of the olfactory receptor cells synapse in the olfactory bulbs sending impulses down the olfactory tracts to the thalamus, the hypothalamus, amygdala, and ot ...
... receptor cells – To smell a particular odor it must be volatile and it must be dissolved in the fluid coating the olfactory epithelium – Axons of the olfactory receptor cells synapse in the olfactory bulbs sending impulses down the olfactory tracts to the thalamus, the hypothalamus, amygdala, and ot ...
Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Embryonic Development
... increases throughout the subpial zone, it assumes a plexiform appearance (Fig. 2.1a, 22 days, c, d). At this stage, some subpial neurons start to develop specific morphological features. Some neurons, sandwiched among the fibers, assume a horizontal morphology and tend to occupy the subpial upper re ...
... increases throughout the subpial zone, it assumes a plexiform appearance (Fig. 2.1a, 22 days, c, d). At this stage, some subpial neurons start to develop specific morphological features. Some neurons, sandwiched among the fibers, assume a horizontal morphology and tend to occupy the subpial upper re ...
Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms in mouse V1
... [1,2]. A homeostat senses and measures some variable, compares its value with a set point, and engages effectors to bring the variable back to its set point, a form of negative feedback. In many cases of physiological homeostasis, there are several levels of effectors that are engaged at different d ...
... [1,2]. A homeostat senses and measures some variable, compares its value with a set point, and engages effectors to bring the variable back to its set point, a form of negative feedback. In many cases of physiological homeostasis, there are several levels of effectors that are engaged at different d ...
Neural tissue responsiveness to FGF and RA controlled by Cdx
... vertebrate posterior hindbrain, where the spinal cord meets the tail end of the brain. They function in a broad range of other developmental processes as well, indicating that the ability to respond to these signals must be closely linked to the site of activity, and regulated accordingly. The brain ...
... vertebrate posterior hindbrain, where the spinal cord meets the tail end of the brain. They function in a broad range of other developmental processes as well, indicating that the ability to respond to these signals must be closely linked to the site of activity, and regulated accordingly. The brain ...
No Slide Title
... ARTERIAL pH • VARIATIONS OF PaO2 <3-4 mm Hg AND EVEN LESS FOR PaCO2 • TO EXPEND MINIMAL ENERGY IN THE WORK OF BREATHING ...
... ARTERIAL pH • VARIATIONS OF PaO2 <3-4 mm Hg AND EVEN LESS FOR PaCO2 • TO EXPEND MINIMAL ENERGY IN THE WORK OF BREATHING ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Basal Ganglia
... BG is especially involved in determining what motor programs are selected and called into action. This occurs through BG regulation of VA thalamic projections to area 6 (pre-motor cortex). BG output to VA provides a critical “go” signal for initiation of motor programs stored in the premotor corte ...
... BG is especially involved in determining what motor programs are selected and called into action. This occurs through BG regulation of VA thalamic projections to area 6 (pre-motor cortex). BG output to VA provides a critical “go” signal for initiation of motor programs stored in the premotor corte ...
Central Nervous System
... Generally two types Neurons – specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission Glial cells – Support cells; outnumber neurons by 10 to 1. ...
... Generally two types Neurons – specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission Glial cells – Support cells; outnumber neurons by 10 to 1. ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... rather than reporting the values of ⌬gex and ⌬ginh, which are the synaptic strengths, we report the resulting EPSP and IPSP sizes. These are obtained within the active network from spike-triggered average membrane potentials of postsynaptic neurons after spikes evoked within individual network neuro ...
... rather than reporting the values of ⌬gex and ⌬ginh, which are the synaptic strengths, we report the resulting EPSP and IPSP sizes. These are obtained within the active network from spike-triggered average membrane potentials of postsynaptic neurons after spikes evoked within individual network neuro ...
A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... of the synapses of those postsynaptic terminals will not be reflected on the observed neuronal firing. (4) Fourth, the observed effect of a neuronal firing at its axonal terminals (presynaptic terminals) measured in terms of the firing of the neurons to which they synapse also varies widely dependin ...
... of the synapses of those postsynaptic terminals will not be reflected on the observed neuronal firing. (4) Fourth, the observed effect of a neuronal firing at its axonal terminals (presynaptic terminals) measured in terms of the firing of the neurons to which they synapse also varies widely dependin ...
Motor pathways - autonomic Nervous system
... neurons extend from the CNS to the effector (one neuron) Efferent pathways in the ANS are a two-neuron chain The preganglionic (first) neuron has a lightly myelinated axon The post-ganglionic (second) neuron extends to an effector organ ...
... neurons extend from the CNS to the effector (one neuron) Efferent pathways in the ANS are a two-neuron chain The preganglionic (first) neuron has a lightly myelinated axon The post-ganglionic (second) neuron extends to an effector organ ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... CT and CC neurons, respectively). In fact, the distributions of h-current from CT and CC neurons were completely nonoverlapping (Fig. 1C). Thus, we could define a threshold level of h-current that would unambiguously separate CT and CC neurons. We refer to layer V pyramidal neurons above this thresh ...
... CT and CC neurons, respectively). In fact, the distributions of h-current from CT and CC neurons were completely nonoverlapping (Fig. 1C). Thus, we could define a threshold level of h-current that would unambiguously separate CT and CC neurons. We refer to layer V pyramidal neurons above this thresh ...
Morphological Analysis of Dendritic Spine Development in Primary
... age, values were calculated for the number of spines per 10 km of dendritic length, and the means + SEM for the length of spines, the diameters of the spine heads and necks, and the difference, Dh - Dn. Statistical comparisons were made using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Scheffe nest ...
... age, values were calculated for the number of spines per 10 km of dendritic length, and the means + SEM for the length of spines, the diameters of the spine heads and necks, and the difference, Dh - Dn. Statistical comparisons were made using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Scheffe nest ...
the Lateral Lemniscus Powerful, Onset Inhibition in the Ventral
... Experiments were performed on 26 male Hooded Wistar (pigmented) rats weighing between 250 and 360 g. Animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal aqueous urethan (20% wt/vol: total dose: 2.6 g/kg; Sigma, Sydney, Australia), and supplementary doses were administered during the experiment if a corne ...
... Experiments were performed on 26 male Hooded Wistar (pigmented) rats weighing between 250 and 360 g. Animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal aqueous urethan (20% wt/vol: total dose: 2.6 g/kg; Sigma, Sydney, Australia), and supplementary doses were administered during the experiment if a corne ...
here - University of California San Diego
... Increased synaptic connectivity due to sensory axon plasticity. Using our conditioning lesion paradigm by injecting trace amount of EtBr, proprioceptive axon plasticity is greatly increased, resulting in greater extent of regeneration than sciatic nerve crush (manuscript in press, 10.1016/j.expneuro ...
... Increased synaptic connectivity due to sensory axon plasticity. Using our conditioning lesion paradigm by injecting trace amount of EtBr, proprioceptive axon plasticity is greatly increased, resulting in greater extent of regeneration than sciatic nerve crush (manuscript in press, 10.1016/j.expneuro ...
Although people with the movies, narcolepsy
... (right) shows multiple gaps in the axons (black streaks) that normally extend from one nerve cell to another. ...
... (right) shows multiple gaps in the axons (black streaks) that normally extend from one nerve cell to another. ...
Zmysły chemiczne
... tufted relay neurons. The output of the bulb is carried by the mitral cells and the tufted cells, whose axons project in the lateral olfactory tract. In each glomerulus the axons of several thousand sensory neurons converge on the dendrites of about 20-50 relay neurons, resulting in an approximately ...
... tufted relay neurons. The output of the bulb is carried by the mitral cells and the tufted cells, whose axons project in the lateral olfactory tract. In each glomerulus the axons of several thousand sensory neurons converge on the dendrites of about 20-50 relay neurons, resulting in an approximately ...
Serotonin release from the neuronal cell body and its long
... electrical stimulation in the presence of FM1–43 dye produced a pattern of fluorescent spots in the soma that indicated cycles of calcium-dependent exo/endocytosis as vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane [17]. The dye incorporates into the internal membranes of vesicles that fuse, and therefore fl ...
... electrical stimulation in the presence of FM1–43 dye produced a pattern of fluorescent spots in the soma that indicated cycles of calcium-dependent exo/endocytosis as vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane [17]. The dye incorporates into the internal membranes of vesicles that fuse, and therefore fl ...
Neural Mechanisms for Binaural Interactions in the Superior Olivary
... LSO neurons are sensitive to ITD of AM tones • LSO neurons respond better to amplitudemodulated (AM) tones when the modulations are out of phase at the two ears (B) than when they are in phase (A). Thus, LSO neurons are sensitive to interaural time differences of stimuli having modulated waveforms. ...
... LSO neurons are sensitive to ITD of AM tones • LSO neurons respond better to amplitudemodulated (AM) tones when the modulations are out of phase at the two ears (B) than when they are in phase (A). Thus, LSO neurons are sensitive to interaural time differences of stimuli having modulated waveforms. ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... •Acetylcholine is the transmitter at preganglionic synapses in both systems •The receptor is similar to the neuromuscular junction synapse: directly gated channel which responds to the agonist nicotine •The postganglionic parasympathetic transmitter also is acetylcholine •The receptors are indirectl ...
... •Acetylcholine is the transmitter at preganglionic synapses in both systems •The receptor is similar to the neuromuscular junction synapse: directly gated channel which responds to the agonist nicotine •The postganglionic parasympathetic transmitter also is acetylcholine •The receptors are indirectl ...
Development of the Eye: A Series of Inductive Interactions
... epithelial cells as well as to co-ordinate the cellular rearrangements involved in lens differentiation. The final conversion of lens epithelial cells to lens fiber cells is induced by the further action of FGF and BMP. Slowly we are gaining insight into the factors and signal transduction mechanism ...
... epithelial cells as well as to co-ordinate the cellular rearrangements involved in lens differentiation. The final conversion of lens epithelial cells to lens fiber cells is induced by the further action of FGF and BMP. Slowly we are gaining insight into the factors and signal transduction mechanism ...
Chapter 17- The Special Senses
... C) Transduction of light into a receptor potential occurs in the outer segments rods and cones. D) Photoreceptor outer segments are renewed very slowly, if at all. E) Photopigments are composed of derivatives of vitamin E called tocopherol and opsin proteins. 28) How does light excite the bipolar ce ...
... C) Transduction of light into a receptor potential occurs in the outer segments rods and cones. D) Photoreceptor outer segments are renewed very slowly, if at all. E) Photopigments are composed of derivatives of vitamin E called tocopherol and opsin proteins. 28) How does light excite the bipolar ce ...
Anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic labeling
... in slice or explant cultures. It would also show synaptic specificity but not be diluted as it moved across synapses. Finally, it would be most useful if it not only enabled the mapping of connections, but also provided a way to study the function of connected neurons. Viruses not only have features ...
... in slice or explant cultures. It would also show synaptic specificity but not be diluted as it moved across synapses. Finally, it would be most useful if it not only enabled the mapping of connections, but also provided a way to study the function of connected neurons. Viruses not only have features ...
NAlab07_AuditVest
... The peripheral apparatus of the auditory system (NTA, Fig. 7-3) conducts pressure (i.e., sound) waves from the environment to the flexible basilar membrane. Mechanical displacement of the basilar membrane activates auditory receptor cells, called hair cells, by deflection of the microvilli (or hairs ...
... The peripheral apparatus of the auditory system (NTA, Fig. 7-3) conducts pressure (i.e., sound) waves from the environment to the flexible basilar membrane. Mechanical displacement of the basilar membrane activates auditory receptor cells, called hair cells, by deflection of the microvilli (or hairs ...