State-dependent computations - Frankfurt Institute for Advanced
... time point t. over the course of multiple time bins these points form a path (a neural trajectory) through state space (FIG. 1a). In a network that is driven by an ongoing external stimulus, a complex trajectory will form that represents the temporal evolution of active states. At each point t+1 the ...
... time point t. over the course of multiple time bins these points form a path (a neural trajectory) through state space (FIG. 1a). In a network that is driven by an ongoing external stimulus, a complex trajectory will form that represents the temporal evolution of active states. At each point t+1 the ...
How do dendrites take their shape?
... With their great complexity and variety, dendrites (Fig. 1) are wonders of nature’s design. Built to receive and integrate inputs to neurons, dendrites occupy much of the brain’s volume and have been the subject of studies since the days of Golgi and Cajal1. Over the course of much of the twentieth ...
... With their great complexity and variety, dendrites (Fig. 1) are wonders of nature’s design. Built to receive and integrate inputs to neurons, dendrites occupy much of the brain’s volume and have been the subject of studies since the days of Golgi and Cajal1. Over the course of much of the twentieth ...
Functional features of the rat subicular microcircuits studied in vitro
... In contrast to principal glutamatergic neurons, much less is known about subicular GABAergic cells. There are few data on their electrophysiological, morphological and neurochemical properties [30,38,43,55,64,72]. Most of the assumption of their GABAergic nature derives from their typical fast-spiki ...
... In contrast to principal glutamatergic neurons, much less is known about subicular GABAergic cells. There are few data on their electrophysiological, morphological and neurochemical properties [30,38,43,55,64,72]. Most of the assumption of their GABAergic nature derives from their typical fast-spiki ...
Axonogenesis in the Brain of Zebrafish Embryos
... embryos. Neurons were labeled with an antibody which labels many embryonic neurons, a lipophilic axonal tracer dye, and intracellular dye injections. The embryonic brain is extremely simple, and at 28 hr of development, the forebrain and midbrain consist of 8 main axonal tracts which are arranged as ...
... embryos. Neurons were labeled with an antibody which labels many embryonic neurons, a lipophilic axonal tracer dye, and intracellular dye injections. The embryonic brain is extremely simple, and at 28 hr of development, the forebrain and midbrain consist of 8 main axonal tracts which are arranged as ...
File
... In your research, you discover that the insecticide you used contains a permanent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract. Acetylcholinesterase removes acetylcholine from the synapse after the signal is received. Exposure to hig ...
... In your research, you discover that the insecticide you used contains a permanent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract. Acetylcholinesterase removes acetylcholine from the synapse after the signal is received. Exposure to hig ...
File
... In your research, you discover that the insecticide you used contains a permanent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract. Acetylcholinesterase removes acetylcholine from the synapse after the signal is received. Exposure to hig ...
... In your research, you discover that the insecticide you used contains a permanent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract. Acetylcholinesterase removes acetylcholine from the synapse after the signal is received. Exposure to hig ...
Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity
... excitation of the caudate nucleus leads to an inhibition of the output from the cells of the basal ganglia and thus a disinhibition of thalamic neurons, which in turn send increased excitation back to the cortex. Abbreviations: GPi, internal segment of the globus pallidus; SNr, substantia nigra pars ...
... excitation of the caudate nucleus leads to an inhibition of the output from the cells of the basal ganglia and thus a disinhibition of thalamic neurons, which in turn send increased excitation back to the cortex. Abbreviations: GPi, internal segment of the globus pallidus; SNr, substantia nigra pars ...
PDF
... approach to demonstrate that the latter phenomenon is a natural consequence of the former. In particular, we show that weak pairwise correlations of the inputs to a compartmental model of a layer V pyramidal cell can induce bimodality in its membrane potential. We show how this relationship can acco ...
... approach to demonstrate that the latter phenomenon is a natural consequence of the former. In particular, we show that weak pairwise correlations of the inputs to a compartmental model of a layer V pyramidal cell can induce bimodality in its membrane potential. We show how this relationship can acco ...
Cranial Nerve I
... • Integration center – either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS • Motor neuron – conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector • Effector – muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Integration center – either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS • Motor neuron – conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector • Effector – muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
The Cerebellum
... Fastigeal reticular and fastigial vestibular pathways: Vermis projects to the fastigial nucleus → vestibular nuclei and reticular formation → vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn Intermediate zone projects to the interposed nuclei ...
... Fastigeal reticular and fastigial vestibular pathways: Vermis projects to the fastigial nucleus → vestibular nuclei and reticular formation → vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal tract → motor neurons of anterior horn Intermediate zone projects to the interposed nuclei ...
Smooth Muscle - Judith Brown CPD
... contraction speeds are very slow when compared with voluntary muscle, but it can achieve a much greater degree of shortening, and it is very economical to operate. In contrast to the "all or none" reactions associated with nerves and striated muscles, smooth muscles often show a graded response to m ...
... contraction speeds are very slow when compared with voluntary muscle, but it can achieve a much greater degree of shortening, and it is very economical to operate. In contrast to the "all or none" reactions associated with nerves and striated muscles, smooth muscles often show a graded response to m ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... form cortex. Sensory information arriving in the cortex from various peripheral structures commonly enters the cortex via fast, presumably glutamatergic or aspartergic synapses (see [43] and [ 941 for review). Release of glutamate elicits excitatory postsynaptic currents due to activation of AMPA an ...
... form cortex. Sensory information arriving in the cortex from various peripheral structures commonly enters the cortex via fast, presumably glutamatergic or aspartergic synapses (see [43] and [ 941 for review). Release of glutamate elicits excitatory postsynaptic currents due to activation of AMPA an ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... investigated systematically using subtype-selective antibodies. These immunocytochemical studies have reinforced some of the conclusions obtained through autoradiography, namely that transporters for a particular neurotransmitter are present in the plasma membranes of the neurons that synthesize and ...
... investigated systematically using subtype-selective antibodies. These immunocytochemical studies have reinforced some of the conclusions obtained through autoradiography, namely that transporters for a particular neurotransmitter are present in the plasma membranes of the neurons that synthesize and ...
STDP produces robust oscillatory architectures that exhibit precise
... For potentiation, the learning rate value λ is 0.3, and the window τ is 20 ms. For depression, the learning rate value λ is 0.3105 and the window τ is 10 ms. F. Evolution of oscillatory nodes Although groups of neurons firing together rhythmically can occur because of intrinsic firing patterns of ex ...
... For potentiation, the learning rate value λ is 0.3, and the window τ is 20 ms. For depression, the learning rate value λ is 0.3105 and the window τ is 10 ms. F. Evolution of oscillatory nodes Although groups of neurons firing together rhythmically can occur because of intrinsic firing patterns of ex ...
Development of the Nervous System
... the neural tube that develops into the brainstem, there is a sudden proliferation in a part called the roof plate, where previously there hasn’t yet been much proliferation. This proliferation rapidly occurs, and there is natural expansion of the roof plate. This pushes the alar plates more laterall ...
... the neural tube that develops into the brainstem, there is a sudden proliferation in a part called the roof plate, where previously there hasn’t yet been much proliferation. This proliferation rapidly occurs, and there is natural expansion of the roof plate. This pushes the alar plates more laterall ...
Changes in muscle coordination with training
... Stability and adaptability. To appreciate the potentially beneficial effects of increases in strength in complex natural tasks, it is necessary to also consider the context in which muscle actions are performed. Tasks encountered in daily living seldom involve a single muscle. The potential contribu ...
... Stability and adaptability. To appreciate the potentially beneficial effects of increases in strength in complex natural tasks, it is necessary to also consider the context in which muscle actions are performed. Tasks encountered in daily living seldom involve a single muscle. The potential contribu ...
Vocal communication in frogs
... surprising that we do not understand how androgens or AVT exert their effects on vocal behavior. However, it is assumed that at least part of the action occurs via the CNS where AVT-positive neurons and androgen receptors are found [35,36]. These hormonal effects are probably not independent; androg ...
... surprising that we do not understand how androgens or AVT exert their effects on vocal behavior. However, it is assumed that at least part of the action occurs via the CNS where AVT-positive neurons and androgen receptors are found [35,36]. These hormonal effects are probably not independent; androg ...
(See Page 85) The
... Regions of the cerebral cortex -below the parietal lobes and in front of the occipital lobes -- important for processing auditory information, for memory, and for object and face perception. (See page 98) ...
... Regions of the cerebral cortex -below the parietal lobes and in front of the occipital lobes -- important for processing auditory information, for memory, and for object and face perception. (See page 98) ...
Electrical Synapses between Dopaminergic Neurons of the
... held previously at ⫺60 mV) between the potential at sag peak (see Fig. 1, E) and the potential at steady state (see Fig. 1, F). Spike duration was measured between the onset of the spike and the equipotential point during the repolarization phase. Fast afterhyperpolarization amplitude was taken betw ...
... held previously at ⫺60 mV) between the potential at sag peak (see Fig. 1, E) and the potential at steady state (see Fig. 1, F). Spike duration was measured between the onset of the spike and the equipotential point during the repolarization phase. Fast afterhyperpolarization amplitude was taken betw ...
energy balance
... • Leptin is thought to enter the brain via two distinct mechanisms. – A saturable transport system is thought to enable leptin to cross the blood brain barrier via receptor-mediated transcytosis – Short leptin receptor isoforms, which are capable of binding and internalizing leptin, have been detect ...
... • Leptin is thought to enter the brain via two distinct mechanisms. – A saturable transport system is thought to enable leptin to cross the blood brain barrier via receptor-mediated transcytosis – Short leptin receptor isoforms, which are capable of binding and internalizing leptin, have been detect ...
The Resting Potential II
... o permeability describes the ease with which an ion can move through the membrane o conductance describes the ability of a given ion species to carry electrical current across the membrane conductance depends on permeability, but it also depends on concentration permeability of the membrane coul ...
... o permeability describes the ease with which an ion can move through the membrane o conductance describes the ability of a given ion species to carry electrical current across the membrane conductance depends on permeability, but it also depends on concentration permeability of the membrane coul ...
Critical Periods:
... – an increase in neural activity will lead to an increase in neuronal connections – this strengthening process involves increasing synaptic input and the dendritic complexity of neurons: 1) more synapses, 2) more dendritic spines, 3) increase in length and branching of dendrites ...
... – an increase in neural activity will lead to an increase in neuronal connections – this strengthening process involves increasing synaptic input and the dendritic complexity of neurons: 1) more synapses, 2) more dendritic spines, 3) increase in length and branching of dendrites ...
The Distribution of Chandelier Cell Axon Terminals that Express the
... Thus, in contrast to interneurons that target membrane compartments of dendrites and somata, chandelier cells have traditionally been presumed to exert a strong influence on the output of pyramidal cells (Miles et al. 1996; DeFelipe 1999). Ch-terminals are found in different cortical areas and specie ...
... Thus, in contrast to interneurons that target membrane compartments of dendrites and somata, chandelier cells have traditionally been presumed to exert a strong influence on the output of pyramidal cells (Miles et al. 1996; DeFelipe 1999). Ch-terminals are found in different cortical areas and specie ...
moth`s nervous system - Wageningen UR E
... associated with the MGC: the male-specific local and projection neurons. Stimulus quality. By means of intracellular recording and staining methods, we have examined the activity of AL neurons in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna with each of the sex-pheromone components aswell as p ...
... associated with the MGC: the male-specific local and projection neurons. Stimulus quality. By means of intracellular recording and staining methods, we have examined the activity of AL neurons in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna with each of the sex-pheromone components aswell as p ...
Current Opinions in Neurological Science
... number one risk in Parkinson’s disease [1]. The various different genetic modulating agonists attest to mechanistic modes of pathogenesis linked especially to neuroinflammation and mitochondrial pathobiology. Particularly significant is overexpression of FAS-associated factor 1 and poly (ADP-ribose) ...
... number one risk in Parkinson’s disease [1]. The various different genetic modulating agonists attest to mechanistic modes of pathogenesis linked especially to neuroinflammation and mitochondrial pathobiology. Particularly significant is overexpression of FAS-associated factor 1 and poly (ADP-ribose) ...