neuronal coding of prediction errors
... outcomes (reward, punishment, behavioral reactions, external stimuli, internal states). Outcomes whose magnitude or frequency is different than predicted modify behavior in a direction that reduces the discrepancy between the outcome and its prediction. Changes in predictions and behavior continue u ...
... outcomes (reward, punishment, behavioral reactions, external stimuli, internal states). Outcomes whose magnitude or frequency is different than predicted modify behavior in a direction that reduces the discrepancy between the outcome and its prediction. Changes in predictions and behavior continue u ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... stimulation that occurred after a delay (thus degrading the temporal association of dopamine activation with the action that produced it) did not maintain responding. Clearly, there are conditions under which selective activation of TH expressing VTA neurons is sufficient to mediate positive reinfor ...
... stimulation that occurred after a delay (thus degrading the temporal association of dopamine activation with the action that produced it) did not maintain responding. Clearly, there are conditions under which selective activation of TH expressing VTA neurons is sufficient to mediate positive reinfor ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... Here we show that lateral horn neurons (LHNs) receive input from sparse and stereotyped combinations of glomeruli that are coactivated by odors, and certain combinations of glomeruli are over-represented. One morphological LHN type is broadly tuned and sums input from multiple glomeruli. These neuro ...
... Here we show that lateral horn neurons (LHNs) receive input from sparse and stereotyped combinations of glomeruli that are coactivated by odors, and certain combinations of glomeruli are over-represented. One morphological LHN type is broadly tuned and sums input from multiple glomeruli. These neuro ...
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... vide opportunities for precise spatial tarvariations in targeted cell size and structure, custom light delivery strategies may be required. (B) There geting of opsin expression by restricting may be variations in opsin expression even when using the same viral construct and promoter. (C) Opsin expre ...
... vide opportunities for precise spatial tarvariations in targeted cell size and structure, custom light delivery strategies may be required. (B) There geting of opsin expression by restricting may be variations in opsin expression even when using the same viral construct and promoter. (C) Opsin expre ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other words, each area receives from several subcortical nuclei and cortical areas (see review in Bullier, 1985). The use of dual retrograde tracing techniques has allowed a more precise comparison between ...
... techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other words, each area receives from several subcortical nuclei and cortical areas (see review in Bullier, 1985). The use of dual retrograde tracing techniques has allowed a more precise comparison between ...
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... (1) The striatum is considered the princi- pathway). Glutamatergic cells of the STN send excitatory projections to the GP and the SNr/EP, contributing to both the tonic activity pal input nucleus of the BG, receiving exten- of the SNr/EP cells and the activity within the control pathway. sive input ...
... (1) The striatum is considered the princi- pathway). Glutamatergic cells of the STN send excitatory projections to the GP and the SNr/EP, contributing to both the tonic activity pal input nucleus of the BG, receiving exten- of the SNr/EP cells and the activity within the control pathway. sive input ...
The Spinal Nerve
... 13-1 Describe the basic structural and organizational characteristics of the nervous system. 13-2 Discuss the structure and functions of the spinal cord, and describe the three meningeal layers that surround the central nervous system. 13-3 Explain the roles of white matter and gray matter in proces ...
... 13-1 Describe the basic structural and organizational characteristics of the nervous system. 13-2 Discuss the structure and functions of the spinal cord, and describe the three meningeal layers that surround the central nervous system. 13-3 Explain the roles of white matter and gray matter in proces ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... We used outside-out patches for characterizing potassium currents because they allow recording of relatively large currents and also facilitate the application of different drugs to study the pharmacological profile of the channels. A potential disadvantage is that properties of channels might chang ...
... We used outside-out patches for characterizing potassium currents because they allow recording of relatively large currents and also facilitate the application of different drugs to study the pharmacological profile of the channels. A potential disadvantage is that properties of channels might chang ...
The Nervous System
... 2 Vesicle Transmitting neuron fuses with 4 Neurotransplasma 3 Neurotrans- mitter binds membrane. to receptor mitter is on receiving released into synaptic cleft. neuron's membrane. ...
... 2 Vesicle Transmitting neuron fuses with 4 Neurotransplasma 3 Neurotrans- mitter binds membrane. to receptor mitter is on receiving released into synaptic cleft. neuron's membrane. ...
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... The life and death of neurons: neurotrophic factors how they work, how neurons die. Conduction within neurons: origin of the resting potential, cable conduction, generation of action potentials, conduction o ...
... The life and death of neurons: neurotrophic factors how they work, how neurons die. Conduction within neurons: origin of the resting potential, cable conduction, generation of action potentials, conduction o ...
Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... The Na+ and K+ currents depend on two factors: the conductance for each ion and the electrochemical driving force acting on the ion. Since the Na + and K+ membrane conductance is directly proportional to the number of open Na + and K+ channels, we can gain insight into how membrane voltage controls ...
... The Na+ and K+ currents depend on two factors: the conductance for each ion and the electrochemical driving force acting on the ion. Since the Na + and K+ membrane conductance is directly proportional to the number of open Na + and K+ channels, we can gain insight into how membrane voltage controls ...
A neuronal network model of primary visual cortex explains spatial
... and DeValois 1988; von der Heydt et al. 1992). Retinal ganglion cells are broadly tuned for spatial frequency because of the center-surround organization of their receptive fields (Kuffler 1953; Enroth-Cugell and Robson 1966; Rodieck 1965). However, the spatial frequency tuning of V1 neurons is ofte ...
... and DeValois 1988; von der Heydt et al. 1992). Retinal ganglion cells are broadly tuned for spatial frequency because of the center-surround organization of their receptive fields (Kuffler 1953; Enroth-Cugell and Robson 1966; Rodieck 1965). However, the spatial frequency tuning of V1 neurons is ofte ...
Molecular and functional analysis of Drosophila single
... a role in controlling axonogenesis of mammillary body axons (Marion et al., 2005). The results from mammals indicate that sim can function in axonogenesis, and this is also a potential role for sim in central brain development given the sim disorganized neuropil phenotype. In this paper, we further ...
... a role in controlling axonogenesis of mammillary body axons (Marion et al., 2005). The results from mammals indicate that sim can function in axonogenesis, and this is also a potential role for sim in central brain development given the sim disorganized neuropil phenotype. In this paper, we further ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by transcriptional silencing of the fmr1 gene resulting in the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. FXS patients display several behavioral phenotypes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Voltage-gated ion channels, some o ...
... Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by transcriptional silencing of the fmr1 gene resulting in the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. FXS patients display several behavioral phenotypes associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction. Voltage-gated ion channels, some o ...
Distinct Representations and Theta Dynamics in Dorsal and Ventral
... ⬎80% of the maze area, were classified as putative interneurons. Other cells were classified as pyramidal cells (supplemental Fig. 2 A, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). No attempt was made to distinguish among the large family of interneurons (Freund and Buzsáki, 1996). The ...
... ⬎80% of the maze area, were classified as putative interneurons. Other cells were classified as pyramidal cells (supplemental Fig. 2 A, available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). No attempt was made to distinguish among the large family of interneurons (Freund and Buzsáki, 1996). The ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to generate double-labeled cell densities. )H-bead cell density data were used for comparing the efficacy of beads and fluorogold. Ventricular zone ana ...
... completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to generate double-labeled cell densities. )H-bead cell density data were used for comparing the efficacy of beads and fluorogold. Ventricular zone ana ...
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... several cellular processes, including proteasome dysfunction, alterations in PrP maturation pathway and the unfolded protein response (see below). On the other hand, some studies suggest that PrPSc is not neurotoxic per se, since neurodegeneration is not always associated with the presence of PrPSc ...
... several cellular processes, including proteasome dysfunction, alterations in PrP maturation pathway and the unfolded protein response (see below). On the other hand, some studies suggest that PrPSc is not neurotoxic per se, since neurodegeneration is not always associated with the presence of PrPSc ...
Ontogeny, Compartmentation, and Turnover of Spectrin lsoforms in
... compartmentation comes from its ontogeny. Membrane-associated cuyspectrin is present at birth at its adult levels, but cytoplasmic a&spectrin is expressed only following the second postnatal week. Similarly, the 4-fold difference in cytoplasmic ay-spectrin content across brain regions develops durin ...
... compartmentation comes from its ontogeny. Membrane-associated cuyspectrin is present at birth at its adult levels, but cytoplasmic a&spectrin is expressed only following the second postnatal week. Similarly, the 4-fold difference in cytoplasmic ay-spectrin content across brain regions develops durin ...
Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates
... neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the rat spinal cord and modulates the bladder reflex. We observed numerous tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ neurons in the autonomic nuclei and superficial dorsal horn in L6–S3 spinal segments. These neurons are dopamine-β-hydro ...
... neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the rat spinal cord and modulates the bladder reflex. We observed numerous tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ neurons in the autonomic nuclei and superficial dorsal horn in L6–S3 spinal segments. These neurons are dopamine-β-hydro ...
concentration-dependent effects of neostigmine on the endplate
... (3) diffusional spread leading to escape from the synaptic cleft. These processes occur almost simultaneously, each, however, with its own respective rate. Hydrolysis of ACh by the activity of AChE is the primary mechanism for the termination of transmitter action in the synaptic cleft (Magleby and ...
... (3) diffusional spread leading to escape from the synaptic cleft. These processes occur almost simultaneously, each, however, with its own respective rate. Hydrolysis of ACh by the activity of AChE is the primary mechanism for the termination of transmitter action in the synaptic cleft (Magleby and ...
Forebrain glutamatergic neurons mediate leptin action on
... leptin receptor (Lepr) signaling in glutamatergic neurons remains to be elucidated. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice in which the long form of Lepr was ablated selectively in glutamatergic neurons located in the forebrain structures, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cort ...
... leptin receptor (Lepr) signaling in glutamatergic neurons remains to be elucidated. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice in which the long form of Lepr was ablated selectively in glutamatergic neurons located in the forebrain structures, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cort ...
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... excitotoxic damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, activation of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signals, ischemia and protein misfolding. Exploring the mechanism of axonal transport failure, synaptic dysfunction, the glial system in glaucoma, and stem cell used in glau ...
... excitotoxic damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, activation of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signals, ischemia and protein misfolding. Exploring the mechanism of axonal transport failure, synaptic dysfunction, the glial system in glaucoma, and stem cell used in glau ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...
... basal ganglia efferents (via basal ganglionic influence on the thalamus). The general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons ...