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Spinal cord and simple reflex arc
... Damage to a spinal cord segment may produce partial or complete loss of sensory or motor functions associated with that segment and functions of all segments below the ...
... Damage to a spinal cord segment may produce partial or complete loss of sensory or motor functions associated with that segment and functions of all segments below the ...
A computational account for the ontogeny of mirror neurons via
... To investigate whether or not Hebbian learning is sufficient to lead to the emergence of mirror neurons, we present a computational approach that implements the mechanics described by Keysers and Gazzola (2014). This involves the usage of an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate activity in t ...
... To investigate whether or not Hebbian learning is sufficient to lead to the emergence of mirror neurons, we present a computational approach that implements the mechanics described by Keysers and Gazzola (2014). This involves the usage of an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate activity in t ...
Plasticity-related genes in brain development and amygdala
... engaging molecules that may also regulate development. When immature organisms with developing brains learn about their environments, intracellular signaling pathways that mediate this learning may also alter developmental trajectories by virtue of shared molecular pathways. More specifically, learni ...
... engaging molecules that may also regulate development. When immature organisms with developing brains learn about their environments, intracellular signaling pathways that mediate this learning may also alter developmental trajectories by virtue of shared molecular pathways. More specifically, learni ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... have a critical role in controlling local dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008) and exhibit marked differences in subunit composition across brain regions (Livingstone and Wonnacott, 2009). The ventral striatum, or nucleus accumbens, is a major output for reinforced behavior and is the target of ...
... have a critical role in controlling local dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008) and exhibit marked differences in subunit composition across brain regions (Livingstone and Wonnacott, 2009). The ventral striatum, or nucleus accumbens, is a major output for reinforced behavior and is the target of ...
189084_189084 - espace@Curtin
... subregions of A10 (7.1-74.1%) with the only exception of PBP (95.6%). Some A8 neurons were unusual in that they were TH+ but not DAT+ (Fig. 2e, arrow). This suggests that some A8 neurons do not have the capacity to reuptake dopamine somatodendritically. In addition, there were some neurons in the RR ...
... subregions of A10 (7.1-74.1%) with the only exception of PBP (95.6%). Some A8 neurons were unusual in that they were TH+ but not DAT+ (Fig. 2e, arrow). This suggests that some A8 neurons do not have the capacity to reuptake dopamine somatodendritically. In addition, there were some neurons in the RR ...
UNIT II - Elsevier Health
... the Na+-K+ pump is shown to provide an additional contribution to the resting potential. In this figure, there is continuous pumping of three sodium ions to the outside for each two potassium ions pumped to the inside of the membrane. The fact that more sodium ions are being pumped to the outside th ...
... the Na+-K+ pump is shown to provide an additional contribution to the resting potential. In this figure, there is continuous pumping of three sodium ions to the outside for each two potassium ions pumped to the inside of the membrane. The fact that more sodium ions are being pumped to the outside th ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... consists of inhibition followed by a rebound contraction. In smooth muscles that have no basal tone, inhibition is expressed only as a latency period during the period of nerve stimulation. Contraction of smooth muscle follows the end of a prolonged stimulus and is called the “rebound” or “off” cont ...
... consists of inhibition followed by a rebound contraction. In smooth muscles that have no basal tone, inhibition is expressed only as a latency period during the period of nerve stimulation. Contraction of smooth muscle follows the end of a prolonged stimulus and is called the “rebound” or “off” cont ...
PDF
... interconnected regions. Does a separate class of pontine neurons project exclusively to the GCD, or do the projections arise from collaterals of axons headed to other regions? With pontine nuclei involved in the auditory pathway, a system of sensory-motor circuits is evident in the processing of aco ...
... interconnected regions. Does a separate class of pontine neurons project exclusively to the GCD, or do the projections arise from collaterals of axons headed to other regions? With pontine nuclei involved in the auditory pathway, a system of sensory-motor circuits is evident in the processing of aco ...
Early Appearance of Inhibitory Input to the MNTB Supports Binaural
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
Chapter 2 in PDF - International Clinic of Rehabilitation
... environment. In fact, homeostasis in a child’s organism is ensured against the background of anabolic processes predominating over catabolic processes. This also constitutes one of the conditions for growth. This phenomenon also determines higher intensity of metabolic processes and greater tension ...
... environment. In fact, homeostasis in a child’s organism is ensured against the background of anabolic processes predominating over catabolic processes. This also constitutes one of the conditions for growth. This phenomenon also determines higher intensity of metabolic processes and greater tension ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–15 cm carapace length, of either sex. Niles Biological Inc, Sacramento, CA, USA) were used in ...
... Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–15 cm carapace length, of either sex. Niles Biological Inc, Sacramento, CA, USA) were used in ...
Plxdc2/TEM7R of the mouse
... screen for genes upregulated in human tumour endothelium and named tumour endothelial marker 7 (TEM7) (Carson-Walter et al., 2001; St Croix et al., 2000). Plxdc2 is thus also referred to as TEM7-related (TEM7R). The parallels between angiogenesis and nerve growth have been noted before and several m ...
... screen for genes upregulated in human tumour endothelium and named tumour endothelial marker 7 (TEM7) (Carson-Walter et al., 2001; St Croix et al., 2000). Plxdc2 is thus also referred to as TEM7-related (TEM7R). The parallels between angiogenesis and nerve growth have been noted before and several m ...
Sense Organs - mohamadtermos
... Your taste buds have receptors for different kinds of chemicals: sugar, salt, sours, and bitters. This diagram shows how a sugar molecule can enter a taste bud and bind to an ion channel in the membrane of a receptor cell. The receptor cell then sends neurotransmitters to activate the sensory neuron ...
... Your taste buds have receptors for different kinds of chemicals: sugar, salt, sours, and bitters. This diagram shows how a sugar molecule can enter a taste bud and bind to an ion channel in the membrane of a receptor cell. The receptor cell then sends neurotransmitters to activate the sensory neuron ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... Adenosine receptor A2A immunoreactivity is observed primarily at glutamatergic (asymmetric) synapses (17). Thus it is possible that caffeine acting through A2AR plays a prominent role in modulating glutamatergic input to various neurons (13, 17). Caffeine induces dopamine and glutamate release in th ...
... Adenosine receptor A2A immunoreactivity is observed primarily at glutamatergic (asymmetric) synapses (17). Thus it is possible that caffeine acting through A2AR plays a prominent role in modulating glutamatergic input to various neurons (13, 17). Caffeine induces dopamine and glutamate release in th ...
Enlargement of Axo-Somatic Contacts Formed by
... play a particularly central role in an animal’s choice-related behaviors, such as to eat food or to run on the wheel. Thus, among the many types of synapses that exist within the PFC, we chose to assess the extent of axo-somatic inhibitory contacts formed by GABAergic axon terminals onto layer V pyr ...
... play a particularly central role in an animal’s choice-related behaviors, such as to eat food or to run on the wheel. Thus, among the many types of synapses that exist within the PFC, we chose to assess the extent of axo-somatic inhibitory contacts formed by GABAergic axon terminals onto layer V pyr ...
Page SCH 23390 SCH 23390 is a synthetic compound that
... one with [ C]SCH 23390 and the other under placebo conditions as well as with a group of healthy elderly adults. As expected a load-dependent working memory effect in frontoparietal regions along with age-related reductions within the same network were observed. Moreover, younger adults under the in ...
... one with [ C]SCH 23390 and the other under placebo conditions as well as with a group of healthy elderly adults. As expected a load-dependent working memory effect in frontoparietal regions along with age-related reductions within the same network were observed. Moreover, younger adults under the in ...
in Primate STT Cells Differentially Modulate Brief
... hyperalgesia (increased pain from noxious stimuli) and mechanical allodynia (pain evoked by innocuous stimuli) in an area surrounding the zone of primary hyperalgesia (LaMotte et al. 1991; Simone et al. 1991). Primate STT neurons develop enhanced responses to cutaneous mechanical stimuli and increas ...
... hyperalgesia (increased pain from noxious stimuli) and mechanical allodynia (pain evoked by innocuous stimuli) in an area surrounding the zone of primary hyperalgesia (LaMotte et al. 1991; Simone et al. 1991). Primate STT neurons develop enhanced responses to cutaneous mechanical stimuli and increas ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
Document
... kinase (Trk) tyrosine kinase receptors (for a review see Schecterson and Bothwell, 2010). p75 was the first receptor to be discovered and was identified as a low-affinity receptor for NGF, but was subsequently shown to bind each of the neurotrophins with a similar affinity (Rodriguez-Tebar et al., 1 ...
... kinase (Trk) tyrosine kinase receptors (for a review see Schecterson and Bothwell, 2010). p75 was the first receptor to be discovered and was identified as a low-affinity receptor for NGF, but was subsequently shown to bind each of the neurotrophins with a similar affinity (Rodriguez-Tebar et al., 1 ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... the area (its dendritic field) that encompasses its sensory and/or synaptic inputs16,17. Second, the branching pattern and density of dendrites must be suitable for sampling and processing the signals that converge onto the dendritic field18,19. Third, dendrites need to have the flexibility for adju ...
... the area (its dendritic field) that encompasses its sensory and/or synaptic inputs16,17. Second, the branching pattern and density of dendrites must be suitable for sampling and processing the signals that converge onto the dendritic field18,19. Third, dendrites need to have the flexibility for adju ...
Volitional enhancement of firing synchrony and oscillation by
... temporal requisition. Furthermore, the conditioned neurons fired more frequently, instantaneously, and strongly than the neighboring neurons that were simultaneously recorded around the conditioned neurons (Figure 2). The authors concluded that only the operant-conditioned neurons possessing signifi ...
... temporal requisition. Furthermore, the conditioned neurons fired more frequently, instantaneously, and strongly than the neighboring neurons that were simultaneously recorded around the conditioned neurons (Figure 2). The authors concluded that only the operant-conditioned neurons possessing signifi ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
... TG and MTN neurons have similarities and differences in their neurochemical content. On the one hand, both central and peripheral trigeminal primary afferent neurons express, indeed to a varying degree, classical transmitters. Taken together with the existing neuroanatomical and electrophysiological ...
... TG and MTN neurons have similarities and differences in their neurochemical content. On the one hand, both central and peripheral trigeminal primary afferent neurons express, indeed to a varying degree, classical transmitters. Taken together with the existing neuroanatomical and electrophysiological ...
Descending Systems Translate Transient Cortical Commands into a
... a 2D wrist task designed to dissociate motor parameters (Kakei et al. 1999). Here, we show that the directional-torque tuning of single cortical and spinal neurons had a similar shape but different spatiotemporal distributions: Cortical neurons expressed a temporally transient and spatially uniform ...
... a 2D wrist task designed to dissociate motor parameters (Kakei et al. 1999). Here, we show that the directional-torque tuning of single cortical and spinal neurons had a similar shape but different spatiotemporal distributions: Cortical neurons expressed a temporally transient and spatially uniform ...
neuronal coding of prediction errors
... outcomes (reward, punishment, behavioral reactions, external stimuli, internal states). Outcomes whose magnitude or frequency is different than predicted modify behavior in a direction that reduces the discrepancy between the outcome and its prediction. Changes in predictions and behavior continue u ...
... outcomes (reward, punishment, behavioral reactions, external stimuli, internal states). Outcomes whose magnitude or frequency is different than predicted modify behavior in a direction that reduces the discrepancy between the outcome and its prediction. Changes in predictions and behavior continue u ...