Evolution
... Bat and bird wings are examples of analogies Not all characters are homologies. For example, birds and bats both have wings, while mice and crocodiles do not. Does that mean that birds and bats are more closely related to one another than to mice and crocodiles? No. When we examine bird wings ...
... Bat and bird wings are examples of analogies Not all characters are homologies. For example, birds and bats both have wings, while mice and crocodiles do not. Does that mean that birds and bats are more closely related to one another than to mice and crocodiles? No. When we examine bird wings ...
Lecture 4: (Part 1) Phylogenetic inference
... 2. Tree should use characters that are shared (among two or more taxa) and derived (from some inferred or known ancestral state). • shared and derived characters are called synapomorphies. 3. Ancestral state of characters inferred from an outgroup that roots the tree. • an outgroup is ideally picked ...
... 2. Tree should use characters that are shared (among two or more taxa) and derived (from some inferred or known ancestral state). • shared and derived characters are called synapomorphies. 3. Ancestral state of characters inferred from an outgroup that roots the tree. • an outgroup is ideally picked ...
... procedure, independent contrasts. This assumes a Brownian motion evolving on the phylogenetic tree and we observe the tree and contemporary phenotypic sample. Already in [14] it was observed that such a model does not allow for modelling adapting traits [15], [16]. A Brownian motion will mean that t ...
PPTX - EECS @ Michigan - University of Michigan
... – Order 5 is perceptibly different from order 4. – Even and odd s are imperceptibly different at order s≥6 but they require rather different analyses. – It is impossible to give improved bounds, expressed in terms of “a(n).” ...
... – Order 5 is perceptibly different from order 4. – Even and odd s are imperceptibly different at order s≥6 but they require rather different analyses. – It is impossible to give improved bounds, expressed in terms of “a(n).” ...
Diapositiva 1 - Universitat de Lleida
... Multiple Sequence Alignment • Often applied to proteins (not very good with DNA) • Proteins that are similar in sequence are often similar in structure and function • Sequence changes more rapidly in evolution than does structure and function. ...
... Multiple Sequence Alignment • Often applied to proteins (not very good with DNA) • Proteins that are similar in sequence are often similar in structure and function • Sequence changes more rapidly in evolution than does structure and function. ...
Classification of Bears
... unrooted. In rooted trees, there is a particular node, called the root--representing a common ancestor--from which a unique path leads to any other node. An unrooted tree only specifies the relationship among species, without identifying a common ancestor, or evolutionary path. Molecular phylogeneti ...
... unrooted. In rooted trees, there is a particular node, called the root--representing a common ancestor--from which a unique path leads to any other node. An unrooted tree only specifies the relationship among species, without identifying a common ancestor, or evolutionary path. Molecular phylogeneti ...
CSCE590/822 Data Mining Principles and Applications
... ◦ Build one according to some clustering algorithm ◦ Assign a “goodness of fit” criterion (an objective function) and find the tree(s) which ...
... ◦ Build one according to some clustering algorithm ◦ Assign a “goodness of fit” criterion (an objective function) and find the tree(s) which ...
here
... In principle, this test can only be applied if on model is a more refined version of the other. In the particular case, when you compare two trees, one calculated without assuming a clock, the other assuming a clock, the degrees of freedom are the number of OTUs – 2 (as all sequences end up in the p ...
... In principle, this test can only be applied if on model is a more refined version of the other. In the particular case, when you compare two trees, one calculated without assuming a clock, the other assuming a clock, the degrees of freedom are the number of OTUs – 2 (as all sequences end up in the p ...
biol2007 - evolutionary trees and their uses
... Bayesian methods – calculates probability of observing a specific tree, given the model and the observed data. Here best estimate of phylogeny is one that maximises this probability. 2) Distance-based methods – radically different approach, using computerised “algorithmic” methods, to convert discre ...
... Bayesian methods – calculates probability of observing a specific tree, given the model and the observed data. Here best estimate of phylogeny is one that maximises this probability. 2) Distance-based methods – radically different approach, using computerised “algorithmic” methods, to convert discre ...
Intraspecific gene genealogies: trees grafting into networks
... smaller numbers of relatively recent mutations, ...
... smaller numbers of relatively recent mutations, ...
Pre and Post Harvest Considerations
... Thinning – remove overcrowded and poorly growing trees Fertilize – Adds nutrients to the soil (usually not necessary) Protection – Protect from fire, disease, and insect pests. ...
... Thinning – remove overcrowded and poorly growing trees Fertilize – Adds nutrients to the soil (usually not necessary) Protection – Protect from fire, disease, and insect pests. ...
m02-biological_sequences
... Divergent evolution from a common ancestor leads to similarity among modern-day sequences (sequence homology). Homologous sequences differ due to nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Identifying sequence homology is fundamental to many analyses of biological data (e.g. comparative ge ...
... Divergent evolution from a common ancestor leads to similarity among modern-day sequences (sequence homology). Homologous sequences differ due to nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Identifying sequence homology is fundamental to many analyses of biological data (e.g. comparative ge ...
Exploratory Data Analysis Tools for Phylogenetics: Visualizing
... References:Holland, B., F. Delsuc, and V. Moulton, Visualizing conflicting evolutionary hypotheses in large collections of trees: using consensus networks to study the origins of placentals and hexapods. Syst Biol, 2005. ...
... References:Holland, B., F. Delsuc, and V. Moulton, Visualizing conflicting evolutionary hypotheses in large collections of trees: using consensus networks to study the origins of placentals and hexapods. Syst Biol, 2005. ...
Chapter 25
... 1. Distinguish between phylogeny and systematics. 2. Describe the process of sedimentation and the formation of fossils. Explain which portions of organisms are most likely to fossilize. 3. Explain why it is crucial to distinguish between homology and analogy before selecting characters to use in th ...
... 1. Distinguish between phylogeny and systematics. 2. Describe the process of sedimentation and the formation of fossils. Explain which portions of organisms are most likely to fossilize. 3. Explain why it is crucial to distinguish between homology and analogy before selecting characters to use in th ...
Document
... • Comparative biology is based upon evolutionary relationships between compared entities • Evolutionary relationships are normally depicted in a phylogenetic tree ...
... • Comparative biology is based upon evolutionary relationships between compared entities • Evolutionary relationships are normally depicted in a phylogenetic tree ...
Basic Phylogenetics and Tree Building
... duplications are too common, specially in plants, and in some cases almost impossible to resolve. But when possible we should try to pick genes that are syntenic (in the same order) as other genes so we are sure it is an ortholog. ...
... duplications are too common, specially in plants, and in some cases almost impossible to resolve. But when possible we should try to pick genes that are syntenic (in the same order) as other genes so we are sure it is an ortholog. ...
Identification of Coding Sequences
... use a data ‘training set’ to build rules that can make predictions or classifications on data sets. ...
... use a data ‘training set’ to build rules that can make predictions or classifications on data sets. ...