Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
... or never exhibit antidromic responses to stimulation of substantia nigra21. Pure excitatory orthodromic responses are, on the other hand, more commonly reported for otherwise silent neurons, and these may also respond antidromically, to nigral stimulation21,27. Findings of this type have led some in ...
... or never exhibit antidromic responses to stimulation of substantia nigra21. Pure excitatory orthodromic responses are, on the other hand, more commonly reported for otherwise silent neurons, and these may also respond antidromically, to nigral stimulation21,27. Findings of this type have led some in ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... combines top-down and bottom-up modelling approaches to bridge the gap between synaptic plasticity and system-level learning. It paves the way for further investigations of the dopaminergic system in reward learning in the healthy brain and in pathological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, and ...
... combines top-down and bottom-up modelling approaches to bridge the gap between synaptic plasticity and system-level learning. It paves the way for further investigations of the dopaminergic system in reward learning in the healthy brain and in pathological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, and ...
PDF
... The high efficacy of dopaminergic instruction, combined with the absence of short-term memory when dopaminergic synapses are blocked during training (Schwaerzel et al., 2003), argues that signaling from dopaminergic neurons is the primary means by which aversive odor associations are stored. Common ...
... The high efficacy of dopaminergic instruction, combined with the absence of short-term memory when dopaminergic synapses are blocked during training (Schwaerzel et al., 2003), argues that signaling from dopaminergic neurons is the primary means by which aversive odor associations are stored. Common ...
Weight Regulation Activity
... The most common control system encountered in everyday life is the one that is used to maintain a constant temperature within your home. The variable being controlled in this example is the temperature of the room. In the summertime, heat is constantly moving into your home from outside and the tem ...
... The most common control system encountered in everyday life is the one that is used to maintain a constant temperature within your home. The variable being controlled in this example is the temperature of the room. In the summertime, heat is constantly moving into your home from outside and the tem ...
AMPA Receptor Calcium Permeability, GluR2
... AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity is proposed to play a major pathogenic role in the selective motoneuron death of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Motoneurons have been shown in various models to be more susceptible to AMPA receptormediated injury than other spinal neurons. It has been hypothesiz ...
... AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity is proposed to play a major pathogenic role in the selective motoneuron death of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Motoneurons have been shown in various models to be more susceptible to AMPA receptormediated injury than other spinal neurons. It has been hypothesiz ...
M100,907, a selective 5-HT antagonist, attenuates dopamine
... E.A. Pehek *, H.G. McFarlane , K. Maguschak , B. Price , C.P. Pluto a ...
... E.A. Pehek *, H.G. McFarlane , K. Maguschak , B. Price , C.P. Pluto a ...
The neuronal structure of the globus pallidus in the rabbit — Nissl
... are always preceded by the smooth dendritic surface. Having compared both kinds of complex terminal endings, we came to the conclusion that the more branched the complex is the fewer processes and spines it has. The distribution of the complex endings is irregular on the dendrites of the large neuro ...
... are always preceded by the smooth dendritic surface. Having compared both kinds of complex terminal endings, we came to the conclusion that the more branched the complex is the fewer processes and spines it has. The distribution of the complex endings is irregular on the dendrites of the large neuro ...
Anatomy - Nervous System Test Chpt 9
... a. nerve b. neuron c. brain d. spinal cord 3. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron in its environment? a. a threshold b. an action potential c. a nerve signal d. a dendrite 4. Sense organs are part of the a. sensory division. b. central nervous system. c. autonomic nervous syste ...
... a. nerve b. neuron c. brain d. spinal cord 3. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron in its environment? a. a threshold b. an action potential c. a nerve signal d. a dendrite 4. Sense organs are part of the a. sensory division. b. central nervous system. c. autonomic nervous syste ...
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... in vivo are measured in the curve of firing rate versus stimulus parameter. We find that when this curve is considered, and when the nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation o ...
... in vivo are measured in the curve of firing rate versus stimulus parameter. We find that when this curve is considered, and when the nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation o ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS AND FUNCTION: OVERVIEW ...
... NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS AND FUNCTION: OVERVIEW ...
energy balance
... • Leptin is thought to enter the brain via two distinct mechanisms. – A saturable transport system is thought to enable leptin to cross the blood brain barrier via receptor-mediated transcytosis – Short leptin receptor isoforms, which are capable of binding and internalizing leptin, have been detect ...
... • Leptin is thought to enter the brain via two distinct mechanisms. – A saturable transport system is thought to enable leptin to cross the blood brain barrier via receptor-mediated transcytosis – Short leptin receptor isoforms, which are capable of binding and internalizing leptin, have been detect ...
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
... hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead us to hypothesize that recognition molecules ensure reciprocally speci®c connections of ORNs and projection neurons. These studies also imply a previously unanticipated role for pre ...
... hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead us to hypothesize that recognition molecules ensure reciprocally speci®c connections of ORNs and projection neurons. These studies also imply a previously unanticipated role for pre ...
The Nervous System
... b. inward movement of positive sodium ions leaves a slight excess of negative ions outside at a stimulated point; marks the beginning of a nerve impulse THE SYNAPSE A. definition: chemical compounds released from axon terminals (of the presynaptic neuron) into a synaptic cleft B. neurotransmitters b ...
... b. inward movement of positive sodium ions leaves a slight excess of negative ions outside at a stimulated point; marks the beginning of a nerve impulse THE SYNAPSE A. definition: chemical compounds released from axon terminals (of the presynaptic neuron) into a synaptic cleft B. neurotransmitters b ...
Sodium-Coupled Neurotransmitter Transporters Baruch I. Kanner* and Elia Zomot
... transporter back into the extracellular medium and a transient current in the opposite direction is observed. Although alternative explanations cannot be ruled out, a likely interpretation of the capacitative (transient) currents in terms of the “lock model” is that, upon sodium binding, the externa ...
... transporter back into the extracellular medium and a transient current in the opposite direction is observed. Although alternative explanations cannot be ruled out, a likely interpretation of the capacitative (transient) currents in terms of the “lock model” is that, upon sodium binding, the externa ...
36_LectureSlidesAdde..
... inhibition to the catabolic pathway and decreases excitation to the anabolic pathway. The net result is an increase in catabolic pathway activity relative to the anabolic pathway. • Leptin stimulates POMC otherwise known as aMSH/CART neurons. This increases excitation of the catabolic pathway, and i ...
... inhibition to the catabolic pathway and decreases excitation to the anabolic pathway. The net result is an increase in catabolic pathway activity relative to the anabolic pathway. • Leptin stimulates POMC otherwise known as aMSH/CART neurons. This increases excitation of the catabolic pathway, and i ...
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... amount of branching within the OGTN varied between neurons but, when present, rarely consisted of more than one or two fine branches. On passing through the OGTN, the OGT projects bilaterally to the eyestalks where it innervates the lateral protocerebrum (Fig. 1) (Helluy et al., 1995). ...
... amount of branching within the OGTN varied between neurons but, when present, rarely consisted of more than one or two fine branches. On passing through the OGTN, the OGT projects bilaterally to the eyestalks where it innervates the lateral protocerebrum (Fig. 1) (Helluy et al., 1995). ...
The Central Nervous System
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
... • Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels • Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization ...
Cooperation and biased competition model can explain attentional
... neurons that are selective for the target object. The origin of this signal is not explicitly modelled, but it might originate from a workingmemory module that encodes and memorizes context in terms of rules. The second top±down signal, the attention bias, facilitates neurons that have the cued loca ...
... neurons that are selective for the target object. The origin of this signal is not explicitly modelled, but it might originate from a workingmemory module that encodes and memorizes context in terms of rules. The second top±down signal, the attention bias, facilitates neurons that have the cued loca ...
Corticosteroid–serotonin interactions in the
... environmental change, either internal or external, that disturbs the maintenance of homeostasis (Leonard, 2005). The term ‘‘stress’’ can be used in two ways: either to identify events or circumstances that are perceived adversely (‘‘stressors’’) or to describe the state induced by such events or cir ...
... environmental change, either internal or external, that disturbs the maintenance of homeostasis (Leonard, 2005). The term ‘‘stress’’ can be used in two ways: either to identify events or circumstances that are perceived adversely (‘‘stressors’’) or to describe the state induced by such events or cir ...
Functional maps within a single neuron
... mechanisms as well, thus altering various intraneuronal maps, either locally or globally, in an intricately coupled manner. Several common themes emerge by comparing plasticity in these intraneuronal maps to plasticity in sensory maps. For instance, studies involving the effects of dark rearing on v ...
... mechanisms as well, thus altering various intraneuronal maps, either locally or globally, in an intricately coupled manner. Several common themes emerge by comparing plasticity in these intraneuronal maps to plasticity in sensory maps. For instance, studies involving the effects of dark rearing on v ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
... which was essentially inextensible, was to prevent horizontal skin displacement when the scanning direction changed. Horizontal skin displacement produced by changes in scanning direction was ,1 mm. The thin latex sheet between the stimulus and the skin surface (identical to the latex sheet used by ...
... which was essentially inextensible, was to prevent horizontal skin displacement when the scanning direction changed. Horizontal skin displacement produced by changes in scanning direction was ,1 mm. The thin latex sheet between the stimulus and the skin surface (identical to the latex sheet used by ...
Ultrastructural Characterization of Gerbil Olivocochlear Neurons
... olive, are small in size, and receive very few synaptic contacts. The vast majority of these synapses contain small, mildly pleomorphic vesicles with scattered dense core vesicles. Synapses with distinctly larger pleomorphic vesicles have also been observed. These neurons possess all of the features ...
... olive, are small in size, and receive very few synaptic contacts. The vast majority of these synapses contain small, mildly pleomorphic vesicles with scattered dense core vesicles. Synapses with distinctly larger pleomorphic vesicles have also been observed. These neurons possess all of the features ...
Exploration of Variability of Arkypallidal and Prototypical Projections
... Patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism, Parkinson’s disease and bipolar disorders, are today treated with psychotherapeutic drugs developed from findings brought to light before 1960 in conjunction with clinical observation. Researchers are curr ...
... Patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism, Parkinson’s disease and bipolar disorders, are today treated with psychotherapeutic drugs developed from findings brought to light before 1960 in conjunction with clinical observation. Researchers are curr ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... et al., 1994; Banitt et al., 2007; da Costa and Martin, 2011; da Costa, 2013). Here we thus assumed that synapses onto RS cell could connect on dendrites only, while synapses onto FS cells connect on somatic and proximal dendritic compartments, that is, only onto dendritic compartments for which the ...
... et al., 1994; Banitt et al., 2007; da Costa and Martin, 2011; da Costa, 2013). Here we thus assumed that synapses onto RS cell could connect on dendrites only, while synapses onto FS cells connect on somatic and proximal dendritic compartments, that is, only onto dendritic compartments for which the ...