Volatile Solvents as Drugs of Abuse: Focus on the Cortico
... Volatile solvents such as those found in fuels, paints, and thinners are found throughout the world and are used in a variety of industrial applications. However, these compounds are also often intentionally inhaled at high concentrations to produce intoxication. While solvent use has been recognize ...
... Volatile solvents such as those found in fuels, paints, and thinners are found throughout the world and are used in a variety of industrial applications. However, these compounds are also often intentionally inhaled at high concentrations to produce intoxication. While solvent use has been recognize ...
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... © 2014 Kang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original wo ...
... © 2014 Kang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original wo ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... Glutamate was discovered by Kikunae Ikeda, a professor of Tokyo Imperial University in 1908, while looking for the flavor common to foods like cheese, meat, and mushrooms. He was able to extract the acid glutamate from seaweed, but it took about five decades for scientists to discover that this subs ...
... Glutamate was discovered by Kikunae Ikeda, a professor of Tokyo Imperial University in 1908, while looking for the flavor common to foods like cheese, meat, and mushrooms. He was able to extract the acid glutamate from seaweed, but it took about five decades for scientists to discover that this subs ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... Another famous case of brain injury affecting totally different brain areas was that of Henry Gustav Molaison, known in the medical and scientific literature as ‘Patient H.M.’. Born in 1926, Molaison suffered from severe epilepsy that left him almost totally unable to function. In 1953, surgeons att ...
... Another famous case of brain injury affecting totally different brain areas was that of Henry Gustav Molaison, known in the medical and scientific literature as ‘Patient H.M.’. Born in 1926, Molaison suffered from severe epilepsy that left him almost totally unable to function. In 1953, surgeons att ...
Dissecting appetite
... monitor the body’s nutritional status and energy needs — and the neurons in the ARC initiate this behaviour. Scott Sternson, a neuroscientist at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Farm campus in Ashburn, Virginia, has been studying the AgRP and POMC neurons, which promote and suppress eat ...
... monitor the body’s nutritional status and energy needs — and the neurons in the ARC initiate this behaviour. Scott Sternson, a neuroscientist at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Farm campus in Ashburn, Virginia, has been studying the AgRP and POMC neurons, which promote and suppress eat ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, axon terminals of orexin-containing neurons and orexin recept ...
... food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, axon terminals of orexin-containing neurons and orexin recept ...
The Area Postrema - Queen`s University
... of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) (van der Kooy and Koda 1983; Shapiro and Miselis 1985; see Fig. 3). Intriguingly information from the AP reaches the PVN through both monosynaptic and polysynaptic connections suggesting an integrative capacity wi ...
... of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) (van der Kooy and Koda 1983; Shapiro and Miselis 1985; see Fig. 3). Intriguingly information from the AP reaches the PVN through both monosynaptic and polysynaptic connections suggesting an integrative capacity wi ...
(Nurr1, Nur77, and Nor-1) by Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics i
... (Beaudry et al., 2000). Neuroleptic-induced acute parkinsonism (catalepsy) and vacuous chewing movements (similar to tardive dyskinesias) responses, which occur after prolonged exposure to antipsychotic drugs in rodents, are profoundly altered by genetic ablation of the Nur77 gene (knockout) (Ethier ...
... (Beaudry et al., 2000). Neuroleptic-induced acute parkinsonism (catalepsy) and vacuous chewing movements (similar to tardive dyskinesias) responses, which occur after prolonged exposure to antipsychotic drugs in rodents, are profoundly altered by genetic ablation of the Nur77 gene (knockout) (Ethier ...
Genetic Analysis of the Drosophila Ellipsoid Body
... genetic mutations that disrupt the cc structure. Interestingly, only specific components of the behavior are disrupted in each case; for example, basic leg coordination of walking is normal, whereas speed, activity, and turning are affected (Strauss and Heisenberg, 1993; Strauss et al., 1992). In wi ...
... genetic mutations that disrupt the cc structure. Interestingly, only specific components of the behavior are disrupted in each case; for example, basic leg coordination of walking is normal, whereas speed, activity, and turning are affected (Strauss and Heisenberg, 1993; Strauss et al., 1992). In wi ...
Enriched Expression of GluD1 in Higher Brain Regions and Its
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
The Neuropsychopharmacology of Stimulants
... converted the dopamine to norepinephrine. Work by Carlsson and others in the 1950s showed that some regions of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia that includes the striatum and nucleus accumbens, were enriched in dopamine and had very little norepinephrine (Cooper et al., 2003). Following the ...
... converted the dopamine to norepinephrine. Work by Carlsson and others in the 1950s showed that some regions of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia that includes the striatum and nucleus accumbens, were enriched in dopamine and had very little norepinephrine (Cooper et al., 2003). Following the ...
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... activity (Brown et al., 2002; Cassidy et al., 2002) suggests that ␥-band oscillations are intimately related to normal motor behavior (MacKay, 1997). However, despite the anatomically identified feedback loop formed between STN and GP, the two nuclei seem decoupled in the healthy BG (Magill et al., ...
... activity (Brown et al., 2002; Cassidy et al., 2002) suggests that ␥-band oscillations are intimately related to normal motor behavior (MacKay, 1997). However, despite the anatomically identified feedback loop formed between STN and GP, the two nuclei seem decoupled in the healthy BG (Magill et al., ...
Introduction to biophysics
... potential of the post-synaptic cell. It is thought, that glia cells do not play a primary role in information processing in the brain. The different types of glia cells have two important functions. The astrocytes maintain in a variety of ways the appropriate chemical environment for the nerve cells ...
... potential of the post-synaptic cell. It is thought, that glia cells do not play a primary role in information processing in the brain. The different types of glia cells have two important functions. The astrocytes maintain in a variety of ways the appropriate chemical environment for the nerve cells ...
THE PEDAL NEURONS OF APLYSIA PUNCTATA
... Herter (1931) and Turner & Nevius (1951) both studied pathways in the nervous system of pulmonate gastropods which involved the pedal ganglia, but the nature of their experiments could not reveal the precise configuration of the pathways they described. Nevertheless, they demonstrated several types ...
... Herter (1931) and Turner & Nevius (1951) both studied pathways in the nervous system of pulmonate gastropods which involved the pedal ganglia, but the nature of their experiments could not reveal the precise configuration of the pathways they described. Nevertheless, they demonstrated several types ...
Neuroscience: Science of the Brain
... neurons making up the grey matter of the cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia play a central role in the initiation and control of movement. (See Chapter 7 on Movement). Packed into the limited space of the skull, the cerebral cortex is thrown into folds that weave in and out to enable a much larger s ...
... neurons making up the grey matter of the cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia play a central role in the initiation and control of movement. (See Chapter 7 on Movement). Packed into the limited space of the skull, the cerebral cortex is thrown into folds that weave in and out to enable a much larger s ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial synaptic rearrangements during development, which result in precise, mature neuronal circuitry. In many parts of the nervous system, elimination of exuberant inputs is a key process of developme ...
... they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial synaptic rearrangements during development, which result in precise, mature neuronal circuitry. In many parts of the nervous system, elimination of exuberant inputs is a key process of developme ...
FREE Sample Here
... A. all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all. B. all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all. C. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time. D. neurons are either active all the time o ...
... A. all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all. B. all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all. C. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time. D. neurons are either active all the time o ...
Number and Laminar Distribution of Neurons in a
... cubic millimeter (Keller and Carlson 1999). To obtain more precise measurements that will allow a quantitative interpretation of the data on neuron numbers, we therefore aimed at counting the number of neurons in an entire TC projection column. It was first necessary to precisely count at least one c ...
... cubic millimeter (Keller and Carlson 1999). To obtain more precise measurements that will allow a quantitative interpretation of the data on neuron numbers, we therefore aimed at counting the number of neurons in an entire TC projection column. It was first necessary to precisely count at least one c ...
The Neurophysiological Basis of Learning and Memory in Advanced
... (Figures 24.4A and 24.4B), a muscarinic receptor antagonist that also blocks the synaptic potential at the neuromuscular junctions of the octopus arm.34 Hexamethonium also blocked both spontaneous and evoked spiking activity recorded from the large neuron axonal bundles (Figures 24.4B and 24.4D). As ...
... (Figures 24.4A and 24.4B), a muscarinic receptor antagonist that also blocks the synaptic potential at the neuromuscular junctions of the octopus arm.34 Hexamethonium also blocked both spontaneous and evoked spiking activity recorded from the large neuron axonal bundles (Figures 24.4B and 24.4D). As ...
Chapter 14 PowerPoint Slides PDF - CM
... sympathetic activation, nearly all cells, especially skeletal muscle, require higher amounts of ATP; to meet this higher energy demand norepinephrine has three effects when it binds to: Beta-3 receptors on adipocytes; triggers breakdown of lipids; ...
... sympathetic activation, nearly all cells, especially skeletal muscle, require higher amounts of ATP; to meet this higher energy demand norepinephrine has three effects when it binds to: Beta-3 receptors on adipocytes; triggers breakdown of lipids; ...
Limitations in anti-obesity drug development: the critical role of
... emptying. The precise brain targets of amylin are not known, but include the area postrema in the brainstem and the lateral hypothalamus. Conversely, during periods of hunger, the hypothalamus regulates the activity of the autonomic nervous system to promote fat release from white adipose tissue and ...
... emptying. The precise brain targets of amylin are not known, but include the area postrema in the brainstem and the lateral hypothalamus. Conversely, during periods of hunger, the hypothalamus regulates the activity of the autonomic nervous system to promote fat release from white adipose tissue and ...
resting membrane potential
... Neurons • Cell membranes can regulate the flow of ions between the interior and exterior of the cell • The most dramatic example of regulation of the electrical properties of cells is the nerve cell or neuron • Nerve cells have special mechanisms for using electrical potentials to transmit informati ...
... Neurons • Cell membranes can regulate the flow of ions between the interior and exterior of the cell • The most dramatic example of regulation of the electrical properties of cells is the nerve cell or neuron • Nerve cells have special mechanisms for using electrical potentials to transmit informati ...
The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice
... illustrates this circuit and includes three additional components. The accumbens has dense projections carrying γaminobutyric acid (GABA) and neuropeptides to the ventral pallidum that are critical for the expression of motivated behaviors (17). Another GABA/neuropeptide component of the circuit is ...
... illustrates this circuit and includes three additional components. The accumbens has dense projections carrying γaminobutyric acid (GABA) and neuropeptides to the ventral pallidum that are critical for the expression of motivated behaviors (17). Another GABA/neuropeptide component of the circuit is ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... illustrates this circuit and includes three additional components. The accumbens has dense projections carrying γaminobutyric acid (GABA) and neuropeptides to the ventral pallidum that are critical for the expression of motivated behaviors (17). Another GABA/neuropeptide component of the circuit is ...
... illustrates this circuit and includes three additional components. The accumbens has dense projections carrying γaminobutyric acid (GABA) and neuropeptides to the ventral pallidum that are critical for the expression of motivated behaviors (17). Another GABA/neuropeptide component of the circuit is ...